Bio 51 Exam 1
Terms
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- Multicellular and Unicellular have these traits in common...
- uptake and processing of nutrients, excretion of wastes, response to enviromental stimuli and reproduction among others
- Multicellular organims exhibit three major strutural levels above the cell...
- tissues, organs, and organ systems
- population
- group of organisms belonging to the same species
- biological community
- populations of several species in the same area
- ecosystem
- populations that interact with their physical enviroment
- Novel properties
- emerge at each step upward in the biological hierarchy
- emergent properties result from
- interactions between components
- reductionism
- reducing complex systems to simpler components
- Robert Hooke
- 1665 saw first cell on a cork
- Leeuwenhoek
- saw single celled organism in pond water and observed cells in sperm and blood
- Schliedan and Schwaan
- postulated cell theory
- cell theory
- postulates that all living things consists of cells
- extended cell theory
- all cells come from other cells. New cells are produced by division of existing cells, this being a critical process in reproduction , growth, and repair of multicellular organisms.
- proks and euks can be distinguished byu their...
- structural organization
- archea and bacteria are...
- proks
- traits of euks
-
cells are subdivided by internal membranes
- dna combines with protiens to form chromosomes inside of the nucleus
-some euks have cell walls - traits of proks
-
-dna is not separated from the cytoplasm in a nucleus
-all proks cells have tough external walls - paleontology
- study of fossils, developed by cuvier
- Cuvier recognized
- extinction had been a common occurence and that instead of evolution it was catastrophism
- Hutton
- proposed gradulism
- gradulism
- diversity of land forms could be explained by mechanisms currently operating
- Lyell
- proposed uniformitarianism
- uniformitarianism
- geological processes had not changed throughout earth's history
- Lamarck's theory
- attempted to explain fossil record as well as the current diversity of life
- Origin of species developed two main points
- occurence of evolution and natural selection as its mechanism
- Darwinism has a dual meaning
-
refers to evolution as the explanation for life's unity and diveristy
refers to natural selection as the cause of adaptive evolution - observations
-
1- all species can reproduce
2- populations tend to remain a stable size
3- resources are limited
4- no two individuals are alike
5- variation is heritable - inferences
-
1- struggle for existence
2- struggle depends on hereditary
3- favorable characteristics will arise - 3 points of darwinism
-
natural selection is differntial success in reproduction
-natural selection occurs through an interation between the enviroment and the variability
-product of natural selection is the adaptation of populations of organisms to their enviroment - Malthus
- offspring out grow the amount of food available so natural selection occurs
- differential reproduction
- whereby organisms with traits favored by enviroment produces more offspring than do organisms without those traits
- artificial selection
- selecting individuals as breeding stock
- homologous structures
- same skeletal elements but different functions due to divergence from the ancestor
- comparative anatomy
- evolution is a remodeling process via alteration of existing structures
- vestigal organs
- organs that were important to ancestors but not to current organisms
- convergent evolution
- organisms that look alike but are actually dna wise are closer related to something in thier own area.
- biogeography
- geoprahical distribution of species
- endemics
- flora and fauna found on an island found nowhere else in the world
- microevolution
- a change in the allele frequencies in a population