Earth Resources
Terms
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- antiforms and anticlines
- concave-down structures comprised of warps in rock and sediment beds.
- synforms and synclines
- concave-up structures comprised of warps in rock and sediment beds.
- The difference betw. anticlines and synclines, and antiforms and synforms is...
- the rock in the former can be dated.
- The dip is known as...
- the angle of inclination in the folds of thes structures; these dips are measured downward from the horizontal and in a certain direction, e.g. 45w
- a horizontal bed has a ___ dip and a vertical bed has a ___ dip.
- 0....90
- Oil and gas rise to the surface uless thay are trapped underground; this because...
- thay are less dense than surrounding rock.
- seeps
- natural discharges of hydrocarbons at the eaths surface.
- Oil and gas are held underneath the earths surface by _________.
- hydrocarbon traps
- Hydrocarbon traps are brought about by...
- porosity/permeability differences in the rock [or both] which cause oil and gas to accumulate and remain stored underground.
- porosity
- a measure of void space in rock reported in percentage.
- permeability
- a measure of the ability of fluids to flaw through rock; note, pore spaces in a rock must be interconnected to attain permeability.
-
oil and gas migrate from _______
twhere they are generated, into _________ where they are stored. - source rocks...resevoir rocks
- examples of good resevoir rocks are...
- limestone and sandstone
- Impermeable rocks which stop the movement of oil and gas are known as_________ or __________.
- confining beds or cap rocks.
- An example of an effective cap rock is...
- shale
- faults
- fracture in the rock along which movement has occured.
- Clay is a good example of...
- a impermeable sediment.
- structural traps
- hydrocarbon traps found where geological structures such as folds or faults play a role.
- "updip"
- the tendancy for hydrocarbons to migrate upwards and become trapped against faults.
- stratigraphic traps
- locations in the stratigraphic sequence (layering) of rocks where favorable circumstances, such as changes in rock type, are primed for the formation of a trap.
- pinch-out
- a certain type of hydrocarbon trap yielded when a wedge shaped sl
- salt dome traps are common in...
- the gulf coast region.
- examples of hydrocarbon traps are...
-
a. anticlinal trap
b. fault trap
c. stratigraphic trap
d. pinch-out trap
e. salt dome trap
f. Reef. trap - Isotopes
- atoms of an element whose nuclei have the same atomic number–-the number of protons in the nucleus--but different mass numbers because they contain different numbers of neutrons.
- The number of protons characteristic of an element is known as the __________ of the element.
- atomic number
- the sum of protons and neutron in an atom of any given element is known as ___________.
- the atomic weight
- Uranium minerals contain __% of the isotope ___ and __% of the fissionable isotope ____.
- 99.3%...238U, .7%...235U
- In order for nuclear power production in american reactors, the concentration of 235U must be...
- increased form .7% to three to four percent. This process is known as enrichment.
- In a nuclear reactor...
- the uranium atoms in the fuel rods are bombarded with neutrons.
- Uraninite
- a uranium-rich mineral (the cief ore of uranium) with a composition that is largely UO2 (uranium dioxide), but which also contains UO3 and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earths. It is most commonly known in the variety pitchblende
- Helium was first found...
- in the element uraninite.