Geology Final Test Terms
Terms
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- Extensional
- Normal faults accommodate which kind of strain
- Isostacy
- The principle of continents being in buoyant equilibrium is called
- Ductile
- Folds in a rock show that the rock behaved in ? Way
- Iron
- The core of the earth is probably composed mainly of
- Structural dome
- A structure in which beds dip away from a central point is called
- Seismic wave velocities
- The physical state of different layers in the earth is determined primarily by
- 3
- The minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine epicenter
- daughter
- In radioactive decay, the element that is the result of the decay process is called
- Precambrian
- Which division of geologic time was the longest
- Superposition
- Within a layer of undisturbed sedimentary rock, the layers get younger going from bottom to top
- disconformity
- A contact between parallel sedimentary rocks that records missing geologic time is a
- focus
- The point within the earth where seismic waves originate
- Curie Point
- The temperature above which a material loses its magnetic properties
- Intensity
- The Modified Mercalli Index measures
- S-waves
- Which waves are slower - s waves or p waves
- Strike Slip Fault
- The San Andreas is an example of what kind of fault
- Basalt/gabbro`
- The composition of oceanic crust is similar to the igneous rock
- Crustal Rebound
- The rise of earth's crust after a glacier melts is called
- Strain
- The change in size, shape or both of a rock in response to stress is known as
- Outer Core
- The magnetic field is generated by what layer
- S waves, P waves
- Name the 2 types of body waves generated by an earthquake
- Half life
- The amount of time it takes for half the amount of an unstable isotope to decay into more stable product
- Compostion of the matter
- The classical subdivisions of the earth are based on
- S waves
- What type of body wave can travel through solids but not liquids
- Younger
- Cross cutting relationship-a feature that cuts across another feature is ? than the feature it cuts across
- Richter Scale
- Measure of earthquake magnitude that is based on largest seismic wave recorded by seismograph
- Epicenter
- Position on earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the
- isotopes
- Atoms containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called
- different rates of cooling & crystallization
- The difference in texture between intrusive & extrusive rocks is primarily due to
- lithification
- Compaction and cementation are two common processes of
- slate,phyllite,schist,gneiss
- The correct sequence of rocks that are formed when shale undergoes prograde metamorphism is
- Size
- By definition, stocks differ from batholiths in
- differential stress
- Shearing is a type of
- Kilauea in Hawaii
- A typical example of a shield volcano is
- element
- A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary methods
- Migmatite
- A metamorphic rock that has undergone partial melting to produce a mixed igneous-metamorphic rock is
- 5.5
- On Moh's hardness scale, glass has a hardness of
- formation
- A body of rock of considerable thickness with characteristics that distinguish it from adjacent units
- viscocity
- the nature of a lava's mobility(fluidity) is known as
- Flood basalt
- the largest volcanic eruptions based on volume of material erupted are known as
- swamp,damp, wet
- In what type of environment does coal usually form?
- Covalent
- What type of bonding involves atoms that share electrons?
- Gravel
- what sediment size would you expect to find close to the source area of that sediment
- Si
- What is the basic building block of silicate materials
- neomorphism
- During metamorphism, the recrystallization and formation of new materials w/o changing the composition is called
- Cleavage
- The ability of a mineral to break along a preferred plane is called
- electron
- the subatomic particle that is negatively charged is called
- Hydrological cycle
- Cycle of precipitation, evaporation, infiltration that water goes through
- 97.5%salty, 2.5 fresh
- Break down of water
- Stream
- most important agent of erosion
- gradient, velocity,discharge
- Characteristics of streams
- erosion, transportation, deposition
- work of streams
- Dissolved load, suspended load, bed load
- ways of transportation
- competence
- maximum size particles that a stream can transport - related to velocity
- capacity
- total amount of sediment that a stream can carry - related to discharge - greater discharge/greater capacity
- baselevel
- lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel
- Sea level
- ultimate base level
- Narrow V shaped valley
- occurring when stream downcutting is rapidly occurring
- Wide valley
- stream near base level - more focused on moving side to side
- heavy rain, rapid snowmelt, dam failure
- Causes of flood
- Levees, dams, channelizing
- Flood control
- Delta, alluvial fans
- Depositional features
- Alluvial fans
- stream coming from mountains hits valley floor - slows down - drops its sediment
- Delta
- Stream flowing into standing body of water - drops out its sediment
- Porosity
- Amount of void space in a rock
- Permeability
- ability of a material to transmit a fluid
- Rock type
- Porosity depends on
- granite-bad, sandstone-good, clay very good
- Porous rocks
- Aquifer
- porous rock or sediment that freely transmits groundwater
- Aquitard
- impermeable layer that hinders groundwater movement
- subdued
- Water table is usually a _____ of the surface topography
- Springs
- occur where the water table intersect the surface
- deep
- Water wells should be drilled ______ into the zone of saturation to deal with dry years
- Zone of aeration
- void spaces not completely filled with water
- Zone of saturation
- void spaces completely filled with water
- Drawdown
- removing water faster than it can be recharged
- Cone of Depression
- Results of a permanent drawdown
- Artesian Well
- Groundwater rises above the point it was 1st encountered
- Tilted aquifer, confined aquifer(aquitard above & below)
- 2 things need for artesian wells
- mining the aquifer, contamination
- 2 sources of groundwater problems
- water table drops,wells go dry,subsidence
- results of mining the aquifer
- Septic tanks,gas stations,landfills,farms
- Sources of contamination
- Caverns,sinkholes,disappering streams
- Evidence of Karst topography
- work of groundwater
- caverns, speleothems, sink holes, karst topography
- wind
- waves are generated by
- windspeed,wind duration, fetch
- length, speed, & height of waves controlled by different aspects of wind such as
- Fetch
- distance of water that the wind travels over
- wave height
- distance from crest to trough
- wave length
- distance from trough to trough or crest to crest
- Longshore current
- waves arrive at shore at an angle - creates longshore drift
- rip currents
- narrow current that flows straight out to sea to return water that has piles up along shore
- terraces
- biggest indicator of emergent coast
- Beach
- Strip of sediment along the shore
- Spit
- sand bar formed by long shore drift - near encloses bay
- Bay Mouth Bar
- sand bar formed by long shore drift - enclosed bay
- Tidal flat
- area of land that is covered by water in high tide and exposed in low tide
- Head lands
- areas of land that extend into the ocean
- Estuary
- Drowned river valley - Chesapeake bay
- Tombolo
- bar of sand that connects an island to land
- barrier islands
- long sandy islands parallel to shore, separated by lagoo-not permanent - Galveston, Matogorda
- sea stacks
- isolated pillars of rock formed by rock erosion
- Rivers/streams
- Origin of sand
- jetties,groins,breakwaters
- Man made features on beach
- jetties
- Used to protect harbors
- groins
- Walls built perpendicular to shoreline to prevent longshore drift
- breakwaters
- walls built parallel to shore to create smooth waters - absorb wave energy
- sand enrichment
- bring in sand from other areas to fill in beach
- emergent
- land is rising with respect to sea level
- submergent
- water is rising relative to the land
- emergent coast
- terraces,delta,beach,spit,baymouth bar,tidal flat,headlands
- Submergent coast
- estuary,spits,beach,tombolo,tidal flats,barrier islands,sea stacks