Chapter 5 vocab Earth Science
Terms
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- The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface.
- earthquake
- A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.
- stress
- Stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions.
- shearing
- Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
- tension
- Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks.
- compression
- A change in volume or shape of Earth’s crust.
- deformation
- A break or crack in Earth’s lithosphere along which the rocks move.
- fault
- A type of fault where rocks on either sides move past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion.
- strike-slip fault
- A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust.
- normal fault
- The block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault.
- hanging wall
- The block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault.
- footwall
- A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust.
- reverse fault
- A mountain that forms where a normal fault uplifts a block or rock
- fault-block mountain
- A bend in rock that forms where part of Earth’s crust is compressed.
- fold
- An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth’s crust.
- anticline
- A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth’s crust.
- syncline
- A landform that has a more or less level surface and is elevated high above sea level.
- plateau
- The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake.
- focus
- The point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus.
- epicenter
- A vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.
- seismic wave
- A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground.
- P waves
- A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side.
- S waves
- A type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth’s surface.
- surface waves
- A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth
- seismograph
- The measurement of an earthquake’s strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults.
- magnitude
- A scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause.
- Mercalli scale
- A scale that rates seismic waves as measured by a mechanical seismograph.
- Richter scale
- A scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake.
- moment magnitude scale
- The process by which an earthquake’s violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud.
- liquefaction
- An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area.
- aftershock
- A giant wave caused by an earthquake on the ocean floor.
- tsunamis
- A building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake.
- base-isolated building