Semester Review 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Emphysema
- lung disease in which the alveoli enlarge.
- Asthma
- lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing: may occur as an allergic reaction.
- Urine
- Wastewater that contains excess water, salts, and other wastes that are not reabsorbed by the body.
- Urinary system
- system of excretory organs that rids the blood of wastes, controls blood volume by removing excess water, and balances concentrations of salts and water.
- Nutrient
- Substance in food – proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water – that the body uses for cell development, repair, and growth and that provide energy.
- Protein
- Nutrient made up of amino acids that is used for replacement and repair of body cells and has large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen: found in meats fish, and beans.
- Atrium
- two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat.
- Genetics
- the study of how traits are inherited through the actions of alleles
- Genotype
- an organism’s genetic makeup.
- Heterozygous
- describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait.
- Neuron
- basic functioning unit of the nervous system, made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.
- Antibiotics
- chemical produced by some bacteria that limits the growth of other bacteria.
- Aerobe
- organism that uses oxygen for respiration.
- Mammal
- any of a class of warm blooded vertebrates that suckle their young.
- Biome
- large geographic areas with similar climates and cosystems; includes tundra, taiga, desert, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rain forest, tropical rain forest, and grassland.
- Organism
- a life form.
- Vertebrate
- having a backbone.
- Grassland
- temperate and tropical regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of precipitation each year that are dominated by climax communities of grasses; ideal for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep.
- Amino acid
- building blocks of proteins.
- Carbohydrate
- the body’s main energy source – sugars, starch, and fiber – formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms: found in fruit, pasta, and whole-grain cereals and breads.
- Fat
- Nutrient that provides energy and helps he body absorb vitamins: can be saturated (meats and cheeses) or unsaturated ( liquid vegetable oil and fat found in poultry, fish and nuts).
- Vitamin
- organic, water-soluble or fat-soluble nutrient needed in small quantities for growth, regulating body functions and preventing disease.
- Mineral
- inorganic nutrient that regulates many of the body’s chemical reactions: builds cells, sends nerve impulses, and carries oxygen.
- Food group
- one of five groups of foods that contain the same nutrients: breads and cereals, vegetables, fruit, milk & Meat.
- Ventricles
- two lower chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat.
- Heredity
- the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
- Phenotype
- outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism.
- Dendrite
- neuron structure that receives messages and sends them to the cell body.
- Synapse
- small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.
- Toxin
- a poisonous substance.
- Omnivore
- plant and meat-eating animal with incisors specialized to cut vegetables, premolars to chew meat, and molars to grind food.
- Marsupial
- mammal that gives birth to incompletely developed young that finish developing in their mother’s pouch.
- Smooth muscle
- involuntary, nonstriated muscle that controls movement of internal organs.
- Ecosystem
- all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment.
- Taiga
- world’s largest biome, located south of the tundra between 50 N and 60 N latitude; has long, cold winters, precipitation between 35 cm and 100 cm each year, cone-bearing evergreen trees, and dense forests.
- Invertebrate
- an animal without a backbone.
- Desert
- driest biome on Earth with less than 25 cm of rain each year; has dunes or thin soil with little oranic matter and plants and animals specially adapted to survive extreme conditions.
- Digestion
- chemical and mechanical process that breaks food down into small molecules so that they can be absorbed by the body.
- Mechanical digestion
- digestive system process where food is broken down through chewing, mixing, and churning.
- Peristalsis
- waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.
- Chemical digestion
- digestive system process that occurs when chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed by the body.
- Chyme
- thin, watery product of digestion that moves slowly out of the stomach and into the small intestine.
- Artery
- blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart and has thick, elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue.
- Hemoglobin
- chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells and carries some carbon dioxide from body cells back to the lungs.
- Allele
- an alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait; can be dominant or recessive.
- Homozygous
- describes an organism with two alleles that are the same for a trait.
- Axon
- neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body.
- Pathogen
- any organism that causes disease.
- Vaccine
- provides immunity from bacterial diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus, and is made from particles taken from damaged bacterial cell walls or from killed bacteria.
- Herbivore
- plant-eating mammal with incisors specialized to cut vegetation and large, flat molars to grind it.
- Photosynthesis
- food-making process that takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where light energy is used to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
- Cardiac muscle
- striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart.
- Community
- all the populations of different species that live in an ecosystem.
- Tundra
- cold, dry treeless biome with less than 25 cm of precipitation each year, a short growing season, permafrost, and winters that can be six to nine months long.
- Protist
- one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that lives in moist or wet surroundings; can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike.
- Scurvy
- A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by spongy and bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and extreme weakness.
- Calorie
- the large calorie used to measure the energy produced by food.
- Enzyme
- a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in the body but is not used up or changed itself in any way during the reaction.
- Capillary
- microscopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; has walls one cell thick, through which nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cells and waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse out.
- Exoskeleton
- rigid, protective body covering of an arthropod that supports the body and reduces water loss.
- Endotherm
- warm-blooded animal whose body temperature does not change with its surrounding environment.
- Ectotherm
- cold-blooded animal whose body temperature changes with the temperature of its surrounding environment.
- Carnivore
- meat-eating animal with sharp canine teeth specialized to rip and tear flesh.
- Skeletal muscle
- voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, and is attached to bones by tendons.
- Tendon
- thick band of tissue that attaches bones to muscles.
- Population
- all the organisms that belong to the same species living in a community.
- Rain forest
- A dense evergreen forest occupying a tropical region with an annual rainfall of at least 2.5 meters (100 inches).
- Bacteria
- microorganisms that cause disease, fermentation, etc.