Praxis 2 science
Terms
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- Optic nerve
- carries the impulses to the brain, where they are interpreted.
- Conduction
- the transfer of heat from particle to particle that occurs when two substances of different temperatures come into contact with each other
- Pulley
- one or more wheels connected by a loop of rope which reduces the amount of force
- Meteoroids
- very small asteroids which orbit the Sun.
- fusion
- joining the nuclei of atoms
- Milky Way
- Earth's galaxy
- Golgi bodies
- assemble, release, and store chemicals
- Ligaments
- connective tissues that bind bones or cartilage together.
- Down's Syndrome
- genetic error in which an extra chromosome (#21) is passed on
- Density
- amount of mass packed into a given unit of volume; density is the relative "heaviness" of an object
- Galileo Galilei
- wrote about acceleration, motion and gravity; developed the first astronomical telescope and made many discoveries in astronomy
- Saltwater bodies
- oceans and seas containing saltwater and saltwater ecosystems.
- Reflex behavior
- automatic response to a stimulus
- Radiation
- the transfer of heat that does not require matter
- Aorta
- is the main artery leaving the heart
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- demonstrated that the Sun is the center of the solar system
- Stems
- hold up the rest of the plant, and have tubes that carry water and food between the leaves and the roots
- Dominant traits
- traits people can see that you have; a dominant gene overpowers a recessive gene
- Paleozoic Era
- 543 -248 million years ago
- Chromosomes
- thread-like structures in the nucleus of every cell that carry genetic codes for the cell's activity
- Roots
- anchor plants in the ground and bring in minerals and water from the soil
- Lever
- a bar that pivots about a fixed point and thus reduces the amount of the force required to lift an object
- Cardiac muscle
- forms powerful walls of the heart; controlled by autonomic nervous system
- Decomposers
- break down wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the ecosystem
- Molecule
- a combination of 2 or more atoms held together by a force between them
- Solution
- a mixture in which small particles are spread evenly throughout a liquid, resulting in a physical change, but not a chemical change, in the liquid
- Kinetic Energy
- depends on the motion of an object
- Human Life cycle
- infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
- Nucleus
- the "brain" of the cell; houses the codes that control cell activities; often centrally located
- Herbivores
- animals that eat green plants, are primary consumers
- other physical properties of matter
- Color, Hardness, Size, Shape and Odor
- Nuclear energy
- energy stored in the nucleus of every atom may be released by a fission reaction or by a fusion reaction
- Newton's law of motion 3
- To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
- Phototropism
- growth of a plant's stem towards the sunlight
- Organ Systems
- group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
- 3 major types of clouds
- Stratus, Cumulus, Cirrus
- Arches and stacks
- formations of resistant rock left standing after softer rock had been worn away (eroded) by
- Solar system
- consists of a star, a group of planets and their satellites
- Climate
- long-range weather patterns
- Metamorphic Rocks
- formed from older rocks under intense heat or pressure at depths beneath the earth's surface
- Heart
- strong muscle which pumps blood to the lungs, organs, tissues and cells
- Newton's law of motion 2
- amount of force needed to change the speed of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of acceleration, or deceleration, needed
- Geotropism
- is the growth of roots downwards, towards gravity
- Ribosomes
- make proteins
- Asexual reproduction
- only one parent is needed to reproduce
- Immigration
- individuals move into a population from elsewhere, thus increasing its size
- Distance
- the extent of space between two objects or places
- Birth
- main way new individuals join a population
- Solar energy
- energy that is trapped from the Sun
- Freezing point
- the temperature at which a liquid will become a solid.
- Emigration
- individuals move out of a population to elsewhere, thus decreasing its size
- Continental slope
- a steep slope running from the edge of the continental shelf down to the ocean floor
- Leaves
- part of the plant where most of the food is made
- Respiration
- plants use oxygen to break down sugar to release energy
- Capillaries
- smallest vessels in the body where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
- Cell Membrane
- controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell; outer "wall."
- Infrared waves
- the next longest wavelengths after light waves
- Motion
- a change in position of an object or substance
- Ecology
- the study of the relationships between organisms and their habitat
- Electrical circuit
- an unbroken path formed by electrical conductors through which electricity can flow
- Skeletal muscle
- attached to bones and allows voluntary (controlled by conscious thought) movement of limbs
- Atoms
- the smallest piece of matter that can exist on its own
- Iris
- the colored muscles in the eye
- Pancreas
- gland behind the stomach that functions in both the endocrine and digestive system
- Gases
- no definite size or shape; a gas will fill whatever space it occupies; particles move freely and are even farther apart from each other than a liquid
- pH scale
- a range of numbers that measure of the strength of an acid or base
- Green plants
- producers because they make their own food
- Matter
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- Parthenogenesis
- production of offspring from eggs which do not require fertilization by a "partner."
- Homeostasis
- tendency of a living organism towards balance and equilibrium
- Tendons
- are connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
- Vacuoles
- store water
- Friction
- the resistance of an object to the medium through which, or upon which, it is traveling
- Ecosystems
- describes a community, its habitat, and all of the relationships within that habitat.
- Endocrine system
- glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
- Meteors
- "shooting stars" or "falling stars".
- Comets
- large clumps of ice, dust and frozen gases that travel around the Sun in long elliptical orbits
- 6 major biomes on land:
- rainforest, desert, grassland,deciduous forest, boreal forest, tundra
- Mixture
- contains 2 or more different substances that have not undergone a chemical reaction
- Boiling point
- temperature at which a liquid will become a gas
- Muscles
- cells and tissues that allow movement of an organ or body part
- Lagoon
- a body of water cut off from the sea by a sandbar or reef.
- Beaches
- deposits of sand and other fragments of rock left along the shoreline boundary
- Carotid artery
- supplies blood to the brain
- Cell wall
- gives shape and support to plant cells
- Death
- main way individuals leave a population
- Sandbar
- water currents deposit sand and debris in deeper water, parallel to the shore, and build up
- Bay
- part of the coastline where the rock has been gradually eroded by a large body of water
- Layers of the Earth
- crust, mantle, core
- Recessive traits
- traits you may have, but people cannot see because they are not expressed
- Unity
- state or quality of being in accord; harmony
- Trait
- characteristic, such as eye color or height, which is coded for by genes contained on chromosomes
- Abyssal plain
- wide, flat area that makes up most of the ocean floor
- Newton's law of motion 1
- Every object at rest remains at rest, and every object in motion continues moving in a straight line at a steady rate, unless acted upon by an outside force
- Migration
- the movement by animals over long distances in order to reproduce, mate, raise young, or find food
- Condensation
- a change from a gaseous to a liquid state caused by lowering the temperature
- Solids
- have a definite size and shape; particles are packed together tightly and are in a regular pattern
- Instinctive behavior
- inborn responses to stimuli
- Water waves
- are oscillating (up and down) movements in which the surface of water rises and falls
- Digestion
- breaking down of food
- Ohms
- are a unit of measurement of electrical resistance. Resistance is the opposition of the flow of something
- Rocks that make up the Earth
- Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks
- Carnivores
- animals that eat meat
- Mitosis
- 2-step process by which all body cells of multi-cellular organisms multiply
- Velocity
- speed in a particular direction
- Pituitary gland
- small gland attached to the base of the brain which secretes hormones that influence growth, metabolism, and reproduction
- Radio waves
- have the longest wavelengths and have lowest frequencies
- Wedge
- reduces the amount of force needed to do the work
- Cornea
- transparent thin outer covering of the eye that protects the iris and pupil
- Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum
- the arrangement of different types of waves, according to their wavelengths
- Mid-oceanic ridges
- mountain ranges on the ocean floor
- Taxonomy
- the science of classifying living things
- Erosion
- weathered particles are moved from one location to another.
- hydrosphere
- oceans
- Freshwater bodies
- lakes, streams, rivers, ponds, marshes.
- Genes
- the coded instructions in DNA; the "genetic code;" they are the basic units of inheritance
- five major oceans
- Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic and Antarctic
- Hemophilia
- lack of platelets, which help the blood to clot
- Geologic time scale
- sequence of events in the Earth's history
- Theory of "Natural Selection."
- theory that the earth's species have changed and diversified over time. first described by Charles Darwin. expression "survival of the fittest" was used to describe this process in the 19 century
- Diffusion
- movement of atoms or molecules in a solution or gas
- Cirrus
- feather-like clouds made of ice crystals
- Radiant energy
- energy that travels through space in the form of waves
- Equilibrium
- condition in which all forces and influences acting upon an object cancel each other out and equalize
- Wheel and Axle
- large wheel attached to a smaller rod; the wheel rotates about the axle
- Lens
- bends the rays of light to focus them on the retina
- Community
- populations of plants and animals living together in a particular habitat
- Light waves
- have medium-sized wavelengths, consist of tiny particles of radiation travel fast and straight, they don't require a material to travel through, and they can move through a vacuum.
- Anemia
- lack of red blood cells in the blood
- Acceleration
- the rate of change in velocity when the velocity increases
- Smooth muscle
- found in internal organs and aids in involuntary (controlled by autonomic nervous system) movement in respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems
- Population
- number of individuals of one species in a community.
- Goiter
- lack of iodine and the over-activity of the thyroid gland
- shore
- shoreline, Beaches, Sandbar, Spit, Bay, Lagoon, Barrier islands, Arches and stacks
- Mass
- the amount of matter in an object; its "size"; all matter has mass and takes up space
- Chemical energy
- energy released during a chemical reaction
- "Big Bang" Theory
- named in 1950 by British scientist, Fred Hoyle
- Deceleration
- the rate of change in velocity when the velocity decreases
- Sound waves
- the action of two objects hitting each other causes the molecules of air to vibrate
- Amperes (Amps)
- measure the flow of electrical current (the steady flow of electrons through a conductor)
- Superior vena cava
- the largest vein emptying into the heart
- Weathering
- the breakdown of rock to form sediment.
- Reproduction
- how organisms make new organisms
- Pupil
- small hole in the center of the eye, through which light enters
- Waves
- rhythmic disturbances that carry energy
- ER - (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- tubes where cell substances are made
- Cumulus
- turret-shaped tops, flat bottoms
- Igneous Rocks
- formed from cooling of molten rock, called lava.
- Centrifugal force
- pushes an object outward
- minerals found in saltwater
- salt (sodium chloride), iron, phosphates, nitrates, magnesium
- Lyosomes
- eat up waste materials
- Force
- a push or pull acting on an object. A force can start a motion, stop a motion
- Galaxy
- a system of stars, gases, and dust all held together as a group by gravity
- Conductors
- substances that conduct heat or electricity
- Continental shelf
- underwater land at the edges of the continents
- Catalyst
- a substance which hastens a chemical reaction without itself undergoing chemical change
- Periodic Table
- lists the elements in order of their atomic number displays the full name of each element, its symbol, as well as its atomic mass
- Heredity
- passing on of traits from parents to offspring
- Barrier islands
- islands made from sand and debris deposited parallel to the shore
- X-rays and gamma rays
- have some of the shortest waves in the spectrum
- Spit
- a narrow piece of land which forms along a curved shoreline
- Viscosity
- the property of a liquid which describes how easily it pours
- 9 planets
- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
- Speed
- the rate of motion of a body; expressed in distance per unit of time
- Weather
- short-term conditions of the atmosphere
- Volts
- measures the push of electricity through a conductor
- Mesozoic era
- 248 - 65 million years ago
- Centripetal force
- pulls the object inward
- Transpiration
- the evaporation of water from plants
- Thyroid gland
- large gland in the front of the neck, it secretes hormones which regulate growth and metabolism
- Electricity
- the flow of electrons (negatively charged atomic particles) through a conductor to create energy
- Echoes
- sound waves can bounce off (reflect) objects which have smooth surfaces
- Liquids
- have a definite size and volume, but no definite shape; particles are more active and farther apart than a solid
- Sublimation
- a change from a solid to a gas without going through a liquid state
- Inertia
- tendency of an object to resist any change in velocity
- Potential energy
- depends on the position of an object
- Chromosomes
- rod-shaped bodies contained within the nucleus which carry the genetic code for reproduction
- Fragmentation
- animal divides itself and each piece grows the missing parts and becomes a full offspring
- Adaptation
- series of changes or characteristics that are made by an animal which enable it to survive in its environment
- Food chain
- one organism in an ecosystem consumes another organism
- Chloroplasts
- contain chlorophyll which traps sunlight to help make food via photosynthesis
- Scientific inquiry
- conducting investigations and looking for explanations to questions about the physical world
- Compound
- substances made up of two or more elements that are combined in a chemical reaction
- Convection
- the transfer of heat by the movement of matter
- Microwaves
- the next longest wavelengths after infrared rays
- Cytoplasm
- substance which holds all other parts in suspension within the cell
- Electromagnetic waves
- are transverse waves that travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
- Cells
- basic unit of structure
- Budding
- reproduce by growing a new organism out of a bud off a parent
- Sedimentary Rocks
- formed in layers contain plant and animal remains,
- Hibernation
- a long period of rest or inactivity by an animal, usually in the winter, to conserve energy
- Cartilage
- a tough, elastic tissue that can withstand pressure
- Cenozoic era
- 65 million years ago to present
- Weight
- the force of the Earth's gravity which pulls down on an object
- Paleontology
- the science studying former life through fossils
- Retina
- lines the back wall of the eye and contains rods and cones, which are light-sensitive receptor cells
- Screw
- reduces the amount of force needed to do the work
- fission
- splitting the atoms
- Evolution
- 1. chemical evolution -organic molecules were first formed. 2. development of single-celled organisms- capable of asexual reproduction. 3. development of complex, multi-cellular organisms - capable of sexual reproduction.
- Magnetism
- the property of some objects, like iron, aluminum, nickel and cobalt, which allows them to attract other magnetic objects to themselves like poles repel; opposite poles attract
- shoreline
- the boundary where the land meets the sea
- Insulators
- substances that slow the movement of heat or electricity
- Nuclear membrane
- controls the movement of materials in and out of the nucleus; inner "wall."
- Stratus
- smooth layers of low clouds
- Element
- substance which contains only one kind of atom An element cannot be broken down by physical or chemical means. There are 103 elements that are named with most of them occurring naturally
- Inclined plane
- slanted surface used to raise objects
- Rickets
- lack of vitamin D.
- Mitochondria
- the "powerhouse" of the cell; the site of energy production and release
- Evaporation
- a change from a liquid to a gaseous state caused when a liquid is heated to its boiling point