Biology Exam 3 2
Terms
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- ____________converts solar energy into chemical energy by _____________.
- ___Producers____
- four basic types of building blocks are: __________, _____________, _______________,and ____________
- : ___monosaccharides___, __amino acids___, __nucleotides___, and __fatty acids___.
- Consumers can be divided into two types: _______ and __________.
- __herbivores__ and __carnivores__.
- Carnivores can be divided into two types:
- __predators__ and __scavangers__.
- Producers utilize_________ and _____________ to form__________ through photosynthesis
- ___water___ and __carbon dioxide___ to form ___carbohydrates__
- Cheetah is considered to be a ________ predator, because it hunts predominantly ______________.
-
__specialist__
___Thomson’s gazelles__. - In Oregon, the ___________ have developed resistance to the tetrodotixin, a potent _________ produced by the ___________.
-
garter snakes
neurotoxin
taricha newts - The Nile crocodile is an example of a __________ predators, and their hunting tactic is by __________
-
__generalists__
__stealth__ - ______ have become master hunters of the night sky with the use of _________ to map their environments with pinpoint accuracy.
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___Bats___
____echolocation__ - To detect the approaching bats, _______ have developed a simple ______ to detect the ______ sound emitted by the bats.
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___moths___
__ear__
___ultrasonic___ - To escape from predation, the moths will alter their _______when they detect approaching ________.
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___flight paths__
____bats___ - The ___________- shut off their ____________ when they get closed to a moth, relying entirely on their hearing.
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brown big-eared bats
sonar - Using a group cooperative strategy, ____________ work together to hung _________.
-
chimpanzees
colobus monkey - Chimpanzees subsist mainly on a __________diet, but they occasionally supplement their diet with meat from hunting the __________________.
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vegetarian
colobus monkeys - In the past 50 years, a ___________ system has been developed to raise cattle in confinement and to feed them with __________.
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feedlot
corn - To prevent the spread of __________ diseases, the cattle feeds are heavily supplemented with ___________.
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infectious
antibiotics - The excessive use of antibiotics in the _________ system to raise cattle increases the probability of the emergence of antibiotic resistant ____________ strains.
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feedlot
bacterial - The bacteria reside on the human body is known as the ________, they are known as ___________.
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normal flora
commensalists - Microorganisms are found on the mucous linings of the: ___________, _____________, _____________, _______________ and _______________
- ___oral cavity___, ___upper respiratory tract___, __small intestine__, ___large intestine___, and ___urogenital tract___.
- The expulsion mechanisms of the innate defense system include:__________, __________, _____________, and ____________.
- __sneezing__, __coughing__, __tearing___, and ___flow of urine___.
- The four clinical signs of inflammation are: _____________, ___________, ____________, and ____________.
- __redness__, __heat___, __pain___, and ___swelling___.
- During inflammation, ____________ engulf and destroy bacteria in a process known as ________________.
-
macrophages
phagocytosis - Pus contains dead ____________ and ________________
- ___bacteria___ and ___macrophages___.
- The ___________________ live in the follicles of hair and eyelashes in forming a ____________ relationship.
-
hair follicle mites
commensalistic - The two common bacterial venereal diseases are: __________ and _____________
- ___gonorrhea___ and ___syphilis___
- The bacterial disease that causes most death in the world is ___________.
- tuberculosis
- The genetic materials of viruses could be either__________ or _____________
- ___DNA___ or ___RNA___.
- Viruses can only reproduce inside a ________. They are known as ___________ parasites and cannot be treated by ____________.
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cell
obligated
antibiotics - HIV infects the ______________ and destroys the ________________.
-
lymphocytes
immune system - Influenza virus has ____________ as its genetic materials.
- RNA
- Antigenic________ are minor changes in the sequence of the RNA due to __________.
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drifts
mutation - Antigenic _____________ are major changes in the viral genes due to _______________ between different viral strains.
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shifts
recombination - The last major global outbreak of influenza, known as __________ took place in _________
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pandemic
1918 - The species often involved in gene exchange that foster an influenza pandemic are__________, ____________, and _____________
- ___bird___, ___pig___, and ___human___.
- The oldes living organism on earth is a _________________, known as the Methuselah tree, which is estimated over ____________ years old.
-
bristlecone pine
4,700 - The following factors contribute to the longevity of the Methuselah tree: __________, ________________, _______________ and ______________.
- ___short growing season ___, ___cold temperature___, ___high wind___, and dense and resinous wood___.
- The life span for the giant tortoise is _________ years, and the life span for a mouse is __________ years
-
177
3 - The verified maximum human life span is __________ years
- 122
- The life expectancies of early 18th century England, early 20th century America, and 21st century Japan are__________, _______________, and __________, respectively
- ___37___, ___47___, and ___81___,
- The world’s lowest life expectancy is found in the nation of __________ with a life expectancy of _________.
-
Zambia
37 - Recent studies have shown that 50% of the world population live on $________ per day and without ____________.
-
2
social security. - The top three causes of deaths in the US during 2001 are: ________,______________, and _________
- ___heart diseases___, ___cancer___, and ___strokes___.
- The top ten causes of deaths in the world during 2002 include four infectious diseases: No. 4 _________, No. 7 ___________, No. 8 __________, and No. 9 __________.
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HIV/AIDS
diarhea diseases
tuberculosis
malaria - During energy metabolism in the presence of ____________, highly reactive molecules known as _________ are produced.
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oxygen
free radicals - Calorie restriction was first discovered in 1933 to extend ________ of ___________
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life span
laboratory rats - Calorie restriction is a diet that reduces calorie intake to __________ of normal consumption, but with a supplement of ________.
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60-70
essential nutrients - Calorie restriction has the following benefits: ___________, _______________, and _____________
- ___extension of life span___, ___slowing physiological decline___, and ___preventing age-related diseases___.
- The main benefit of calorie restriction is the reduction of ____________ in a study involving a group of _________.
-
free radical damages
Rhesus monkeys - Agents that can mimic the phsyciological effects of calorie restriction are known as calorie restriction ____________. Resveratrol has been suggested to be such an agen found in ____________.
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mimetic
grape skin - Cooperation can occur at the levels of ______________ and _______________ cooperation
-
intraspecies
interspecies - The river dolphins prey on small fish by swimming in synchrony to create _______ that drives the fish onto the ______________.
-
surge
shore or river bank. - The four types of intraspecies cooperation are ___________, ________________, _______________, and ______________.
- mutualism___, ___reciprocity___, ___obligated altruism___, and ___facultative altruism___.
- Herding, flocking, schooling are a form of __________________ based on the principle of ______________.
-
group or social defense
mutualism - The emergence of a similar behavioral trait such as herding, flocking, and schooling by organisms with distinct evolutionary ancestry is known as ___________
- convergent evolution
- Meerkats participate in reciprocity by taking turn to ______________ and to _______________________-
- ___care for their young___ and to ___stand sentry for aerial predators (eagles and hawks)___.
- Studies have shown that the meerkats on sentry duty always select a perch close to their burrows. This observation has led to the development of the
- personal safety hypothesis
- Eusociality is also known as _____________.
- kin selection
- In the eusocial society, the workers are __________ females and ______________ to each other
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sterile
sisters - The _________ live in a ____________ with only one ______________ and 30 to 40 workers.
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mole rats
eusocial society
breeding pair - Florida scrub jay live in a society of _______________. The __________ stay with the _______ to help raise the young.
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facultative altruism
juveniles
parents - The leafcutter ants live in a ____________ with only one ________________ in each colony.
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eusocial society
reproductive female - The leafcutter ants harvest leaves in the tropical rain forest. They chew the leaves into a _________ to cultivate a ______ in their subterranean chambers
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mulch
fungus - If the gardeners of the leafcutter ants were removed, their fungal culture will be ___________ by a ____________.
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destroyed
pathogenic mold - The gardeners of the leafcutter ants control the pathogenic mold use _________ produced by __________ that they carry on their back.
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antibiotics
bacteria - In r-selection, the reproductie rate is _______ and the investment in the offspring is _________ or __________
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high
quantity
quality - The k-selection, the reproductive rate is _____, and the investment in the offsrping is ______ or _________
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low
quality
quantity - The r-selection, the organisms generally have ________span, whereas in k-selection, the organisms have _______ life span
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short
long - In r-selection, the organisms produce ___________ young than can ________ by the environment.
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significantly more
be supported - Carrying capacity is defined as the ability of the environment to sustain the population of a species in ______________ density
- a steady-state population
- Technology can overcome population by the following factors: 1)____________ and __________________
- 1) ___discovering and making new resources available___ and 2) ___increasing productivity of existing resources___.
- The world population was _____________ at 950 AD, and it reached _____________ in 1802.
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250 million
1 billion - The world population was ___________ at 1802, and it reached ___________ in 1927.
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1 billion
2 billion - The world population was ___________ at 1802, and it rached _______ in 1999.
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1 billion
6 billion - The world population was ____________ at 1802, and it increased by _____ fold by 1999.
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1 billion
6 - The world population is growing by _________ per year, representing a growth rate of ___________.
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75 million
1.2% - At the current growth rate, the world population will be between ___________ and ___________ billion by 2050.
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9
12 - The population of ______________ , is undergoing an population explosion. It has a population of ______ million in a state the size of Colorado.
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Uttar Pradesh
177 - In India the emphasis of _______ children has led to _______ million fewer women than men due to ______________.
-
male
35
abortion of female fetuses - India's population problem is rooted in ____________ and lack of _______________ by women
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gender discrimination
reproductive choice - If India’s fertility rate drops to 2.0 by 2020, its population in 2050 will be _________ billion. If India’s fertility rate drops to 2.5, its population will reach __________ billion in 2050
-
1.6
2 - List four global problems as a consequence of world overpopulation: ____________, ____________, ___________ and ____________.
- ___deforestation___, ___mass extinction___, ___pandemic diseases___, and ___war___.
- List four social problems are caused by overpopulation____________, __________, ___________, and ___________.
- ___poverty___, ___illiteracy___, ___unemployment___, and ___increase crime rate___.
- Japanese fertility rate has dropped to __________over the past two decades. If this trend continues, Japan’s population at the end of the century will be approximately __________ million
-
1.3
60 - Japanese fertility trend suggests that economic stability and greater investment in only one child follow the pattern of __________ selection
- k-
- Japanese who postpones marriages and having children have been labeled in the Japanese society as ___________
- parasite singles
- Japanese have the longest life expectancy in the world with the average life expectancies for male and female at ________and _______ respectively
-
78
84 - Japan’s population structure is opposite from____; it shapes like a(n) __________.
-
India
inversed pyramid - Japan’s low fertility rate can be contributed by two factors: ____________ and ________________
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women entering the work force
high cost to raise a child - US has also seen a decline in fertility rate to below 2.0, but the US population will continue to grow slowly due to ____________.
- immigration
- prosperity of the US has adverse consequences on the world due to its high standard of living. US with 7% of the world’s population emit __________ of world's greenhouse gases. A child born in US will pollute ____________ times more during his/her life
-
25
30 - In many parts of Saharan Africa, social institutions have been crumbling due to ___________ which has ravaged the population segment between the age of ________ and ________
-
AIDS
20
60 - If the world fertility rate stabilizes at 2.0, the world population will be ___________ billion in 2050. If the world fertility rate moves to 2.35, the world population be ________ billion
-
9
11 - Global actions from individual to the governmental levels are vital in order to reach a future society of ___________ and _________________
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shared prosperity
environmental sustainability - Different versions of the same gene are known as _______ which are generated by ________
-
alleles
mutation - Individual variations are resulted from ________ to produce a large number of _______ by the same individual
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meiosis
gametes - Individual variations are the result of _____________
- sexual reproduction
- The six basis principles of natural selection are:____________, _______________, ___________, __________, ___________, and ____________.
-
1. ___Individuals must reproduce___
2. ___Individuals must be able to pass their traits to the next generation___
3. ___Variability must exists among individuals___
4. ___The environment cannot support all offspring___
5. ___Individuals with favorable traits will leave more offspring___
6. ___Individuals with least favorable traits will die out___ - selection is a process by which biological populations are changed over time as a result of the propagation of ____________ that affect the capacity of individual organisms to _____________.
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heritable traits
survive and reproduce - Dog is one of the ___________ of wolf. Dog is classified as ________________.
-
subspecies
Canis lupus familaris - Molecular data suggest that the dog and wolf ancestries started to separate about______ years ago. Human and wolf remains have been found together as early as __________ years ago.
-
150,000
400,000 - Evidence of modern dogs appears about _________ years ago, and the evidence of the early dog was found __________ years ago in cave art.
-
14,000
5,000 - The two hypothesis of dog domestication are: ________________ and __________________
-
___the human adoption hypothesis___
and
___the mutual selection hypothesis___. - The mutual selection hypothesis proposes that early wolves approached human encampment to ______. The wolves that were least afraid of humans adopted a new lifestyle.
- scavenge
- One theory suggests that the early semi-domesticated wolves might have helped modern humans to: ________________ and ______________
-
___out-compete the Neandertrals___
and
___develop language___. - During the breeding of tame foxes in Russia, other unusual traits, such as _______________ and ____________ were also bred. The reduction in __________ and other hormones is likely to play a role
-
multi-color coat
barking
adrenalin - All dogs are genetically differed by about 0.1%. The traits of different breeds of dog have been recently shown to due to differences in the ____________ of the dog __________
-
regulatory regions
DNA - There are six main classes of dogs: ____________, _____, _____, _______, __________ and ______________.
- ___sporting___, ___hound___, ___Terriers___, ___working___, ___herding___, ___toy___.
- Salukis are the ____________ mammal in a _________ mile race.
-
fastest
3 - Systema Naturae was published by ______________ in 1735. Throughout his lifetime, he classified 7,700 species of ________ and 4,400 species of____________
-
Linnaeus
plants
animals - Biological classification is also known formally as biological __________. Today over _________ million species have been classified
-
systematics
1.4 - Modern biological classification is based on ____________ and ___________.
-
___common descent___
and
___ancestral relationship___. - ________________ is a classification method similar to constructing a ________, where ancestral relationships is mapped.
-
cladistic classification
family tree - An outmoded classification system originated with __________ 350 BC stressed the immutability of living organisms and their arrangement from simple to complex organisms is known as______________
-
Aristotle
scala naturae - The great apes include four biological organisms ___________, ___________, __________, ___________
- ___orangutan___, ___gorilla___, ___chimpanzee___, and ___humans___.
- Orangutans are the largest ___________ animals. They are only found in ____________ and ___________.
-
arboreal
Sumatra
Borneo - There are _________ species of gorilla: the _________ and _________ gorillas
-
two
Western
Eastern - They are ________ dwelling with few natural predators. They are quadrupedal, using a locomotion behavior known as __________________
-
ground
knuckle walking - Project Koko trained a female gorilla from 1 year of age to communicate with ____________. Koko has a vocab of ____________ words
-
sign language
1,000 - There are two species of chimpanzees: the ________ chimpanzee and the ___________ chimpanzee
-
common
bonobo or the pygmy - Chimpanzees use ___________ as an activity for developing ________ bonds
-
grooming
social - The great ape lineage split from the ____________ about 18 million years ago
- lesser ape
- ____________ split into the genera __________ and _____________ about 6 million year ago.
-
Hominini
Pan
Homo