APHG Unit 3
Terms
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- Transculturation
- A term describing the relatively equal exchange of cultural outlooks and ways of life between two culture groups; it suggests more extensive cross-cultural influences than acculturation.
- Reverse Reconstruction
- To reverse any reconstruction attempted
- Sacred Spaces
- Places sacred to certain groups
- Ethnic Group
- People sharing a distinctive culture, frequently based on common national origin, religion, language or race.
- Barrio
- A Spanish-speaking quarter in a town or city (especially in the United States)
- Cultural Hearths
- Heartland, source area, innovation center, place of origin of a major culture
- Standard Language
- The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
- Pilgrimages
- Religious journeys to the Holy Land.
- Social Destination
- The best place for social contact
- Multilingual States
- Countries in which more than one language is in use
- Language Families/Groups
- A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
- Linguistic Refugee Area
- An area protected by isolation or inhospitable enviornmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived
- Renfrew Hypothesis
- Three areas in and around fertile crescent, gave rise to three language families.
- Agriculture Theory
- With increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe
- Traditional Religions
- Special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, their unique identity with localized culture groups not yet fully absorbed into modern society, and their close ties to nature.
- Acculturation
- Cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a sominant or host society; cultural development or change through borrowing.
- Conquest Theory
- Theory of how proto-inko european spread into europe that speakers spread westward on horseback
- Orthodox Religions
- A strand within most major religions that emphasizes purity of faith and is not open to blending with other religions
- Ethnic Homelands
- A sizeable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it.
- Taboo
- An inhibition or ban resulting from social custom or emotional aversion
- Cultural Diffusion
- The spread of cultural elements from one society to another
- Popular Culture
- Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
- Vernacular Culture Region
- A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identy.
- Interfaith Boundaries
- Boundaries between the major religions
- Cultural Determinism
- The idea that a culture largely determines what a person can and cannot become
- Custom
- Practice routinely followed by a group of people
- Creole
- A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
- Language Convergence
- Collapsing of two languages into one.
- Theocracy
- The belief in government by divine guidance
- NADA
- NOTHING
- Culture Complex
- A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity (may be assoc. with religious beliefs or business practices).
- Indigenous Technical Knowledge
- Highly localized knowledge about enviromental conditions and sustainable land-use practices
- Monoglots
- Knowing only one language
- Enviornmental Perception
- The concept that people of different cultures will differenly observe and interpret their enviornments
- Diaspora
- The dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)
- Racism
- Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
- Material Culture
- The concrete, tangible objects of a culture ex) clothes, buildings
- Universalizing Religions
- A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
- Isoglosses
- Boundaries that seperate regions in which different language usages predominate
- Ethnic Island
- A small ethnic area in the rural countryside; sometimes called a "folk island"
- Indigenous Culture
- A culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation.
- Animism
- Attribution of soul to inanimate objects
- Placelessness
- The loss of uniqueness of a place
- Shatter Belts
- A zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups
- Syncretic Relions
- Religions, or stands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems
- Polyglot
- Speaking several tongues.
- Pidgin Language
- A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
- Monotheistic Religions
- Belief in one god
- Culture Trait
- A single, distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system. A single element of learned behavior.
- Assimilation
- The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society of culture.
- Cultural Nationalism
- An effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization, especially the penetrating influence of U.S. culture
- Language
- A system of communication through the use of speech, a collective of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
- Nonmaterial Culture
- Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects
- Language Branch
- A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.
- Dialect
- A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
- Subcultures
- Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture.
- Ethnic Neighborhood
- A voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice
- Ethnic Cleansing
- Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
- Ethnic Enclave
- A small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture
- Religion
- A strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny
- Cultural Lag
- When a group is unresponsive to innovations or changes in their environment
- Proselytic Religions
- Want to convert everyone. Ex) christianity
- Pagan
- A person who does not acknowledge your God
- Lingua Franca
- A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
- Language Divergence
- This type of language can form where a lack of spatial interation among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then continued isolation divided the language into discrete languages
- Ethic Religion
- Related to a certain ethnicity, don't seek converts. Ex) judaism.
- Gaia Hypothesis
- The idea that Earth is a living system
- Polytheistic Relgions
- Belief in many gods
- Teleology
- The fact or character attributed to nature or natural processes of being directed toward an end or shaped by a purpose
- Intrafaith Boundaries
- The boundaries within a single major faith
- Foodways
- Customary behaviors associated with food preparation and comsumption
- Ecotheology
- The Study of the influence of religious belief on habitat modification
- Adaptive Strategy
- The unique way in which each culture uses it's particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense
- Apartheid
- Laws in South Africa that physically seperated different races into different geographic areas.
- Folk Culture
- Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
- Monolingual States
- Countries in which only one language is spoken
- Maladaptive Diffusion
- Diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality (ie. ranch style house)
- Isolated Language
- A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
- Missionaries
- people who work to spread their religious beliefs
- Toponyms
- Place name
- Ideograms
- The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
- Ethnic Substrate
- Regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland
- Language Replacement
- Replacing a language
- Race
- Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
- Generic Toponyms
- The desriptive part of many place names, often repeated throughout a culture area
- Cultural Simplification
- The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old.
- Cultural Imperialism
- Spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others or imposition on other cultures which it modifies, replaces, or destroys.
- Culture Realm
- A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes.
- Fundamentalism
- Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied
- Official Language
- The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
- Built Environment
- The part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
- Secularism
- A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations
- Heirarchial Religions
- A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
- Cultural Preadaptation
- A complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving them survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment
- Convergence Hypothesis
- A biased approach to the study of management, which assumes that principles of good management are universal, and that ones that work well in the United States will apply equally well in other nations.
- Contact Conversion
- The Spread of Religious Beliefs by Personal Contact
- Habit
- A pattern of behavior acquired through frequent repetition
- Culture Region
- Includes many different counties that have certain traits in common