Geography Terms Chapters 1-4 2
Terms
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- Colonization
- the physical settlement of a new territory of people from a colonizing state
- Commodity Chain
- Network of labor and production processes beginning with the extraction or production of raw materials and ending with the delivery of a finished commodity.
- Core Regions
- Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.
- Division of Labor
- The specialization of different people, regions or countries in particular kinds of economic activities
- Environmental Determinism
- a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment
- Ethnocentrism
- the attitude that one's own race and culture are superior to others'
- Fast World
- people, places and regions directly involved, as producers and consumers, in transitional industry, modern telecommunications, materialistic consumption and international news and entertainment
- Hearth Areas
- geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread
- Imperialism
- the extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories
- import substitution
- the process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formerly were brought from foreign producers
- Minisystem
- a society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy
- neocolonialism
- economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people
- Peripheral Regions
- regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
- Plantation
- a large landholding that usually specializes in the production of one particular crop for market
- Semi-peripheral Region
- regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions, but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
- Slash-and-burn
- the system of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period and then ingnited
- slow world
- people, places, and regions whose participation in transnational industry, modern telecommunications, materialistic consumption and international news and entertainment is limited
- transnational corporations
- companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidary companies, factories, offices or facilities in several countries
- World Empire
- minisystems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences
- World System
- an interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition
- age-sex pyramid
- a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex
- baby boom
- population of individuals born between the years of 1946 and 1964
- Census
- count of the number of people in a country, region or city
- cohort
- a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience
- crude birth rate
- ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population
- crude death rate
- the number of deaths in a single year for every thousand people in the population
- demographic transition
- replacement of high birth and death rates by low birth and death rates
- dependency ratio
- measure of the economic impact of the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population
- emigration
- a move from a particular location
- forced migration
- movement by an individual against his or her will
- guest workers
- individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries
- immigration
- a move to another location
- infant mortality rate
- annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared to the total number of live births that same year
- internally displaced persons
- individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse
- internal migration
- a move within a particular country or region
- international migration
- a move from one country to another
- life expectancy
- avg. number of years an infant newborn can expect to live
- migration
- a move beyond the same political jurisdiction, involving a change of residence-either as emigration, a move from a particular location, or as immigration, a move to another location
- natural decrease
- the difference between CDR and CBR, which is the deficit of births relative to death
- natural increase
- the difference between CBR and CDR which is the surplus of births relative to deaths
- population policy
- an official government policy designed to affect any or all of several objectives, including the size, composition and distribution of population
- pull factors
- forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location
- push factors
- events and conditions that impel an individual to move from a location
- refugees
- individuals who crosses national boundaries to seek safety and asylum-are a significant global problem
- total fertility rate
- the average number of children a woman will have throughout the years that demographers have defined as her child bearing years-aprox. 15-49 yrs
- transnational migrant
- migrants who set up homes and or work in more than one nation-state
- voluntary migration
- movement by an individual based on choice
- acid rain
- the wet deposition of acid upon Earth created by the natural cleansing properties of the atmosphere
- Columbian exchange
- interaction between the old world-originating with the voyages of Columbus- and the New World
- Deforestation
- the removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting
- desertification
- the degradation of land cover and damage to the soil and water in grasslands and arid and semiarid lands
- ecosystem
- a community of different species interacting with eath other and with the larger physical environment that surrounds it
- nature
- a social creation as well as the physical universe that includes human beings
- preservation
- an approach to nature advocating that certain habitats, species, and resources should remain off-limits to humans use, regardless of whether the use maintain or depletes the resource in question
- siltation
- the buildup of sand and clay in the natural or artificial waterway
- technology
- physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes and knowledge or know-how