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Geography Terms Chapters 1-4 2

Terms

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Colonization
the physical settlement of a new territory of people from a colonizing state
Commodity Chain
Network of labor and production processes beginning with the extraction or production of raw materials and ending with the delivery of a finished commodity.
Core Regions
Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.
Division of Labor
The specialization of different people, regions or countries in particular kinds of economic activities
Environmental Determinism
a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment
Ethnocentrism
the attitude that one's own race and culture are superior to others'
Fast World
people, places and regions directly involved, as producers and consumers, in transitional industry, modern telecommunications, materialistic consumption and international news and entertainment
Hearth Areas
geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread
Imperialism
the extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories
import substitution
the process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formerly were brought from foreign producers
Minisystem
a society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy
neocolonialism
economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people
Peripheral Regions
regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
Plantation
a large landholding that usually specializes in the production of one particular crop for market
Semi-peripheral Region
regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions, but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
Slash-and-burn
the system of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period and then ingnited
slow world
people, places, and regions whose participation in transnational industry, modern telecommunications, materialistic consumption and international news and entertainment is limited
transnational corporations
companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidary companies, factories, offices or facilities in several countries
World Empire
minisystems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences
World System
an interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition
age-sex pyramid
a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex
baby boom
population of individuals born between the years of 1946 and 1964
Census
count of the number of people in a country, region or city
cohort
a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience
crude birth rate
ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population
crude death rate
the number of deaths in a single year for every thousand people in the population
demographic transition
replacement of high birth and death rates by low birth and death rates
dependency ratio
measure of the economic impact of the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population
emigration
a move from a particular location
forced migration
movement by an individual against his or her will
guest workers
individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries
immigration
a move to another location
infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared to the total number of live births that same year
internally displaced persons
individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse
internal migration
a move within a particular country or region
international migration
a move from one country to another
life expectancy
avg. number of years an infant newborn can expect to live
migration
a move beyond the same political jurisdiction, involving a change of residence-either as emigration, a move from a particular location, or as immigration, a move to another location
natural decrease
the difference between CDR and CBR, which is the deficit of births relative to death
natural increase
the difference between CBR and CDR which is the surplus of births relative to deaths
population policy
an official government policy designed to affect any or all of several objectives, including the size, composition and distribution of population
pull factors
forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location
push factors
events and conditions that impel an individual to move from a location
refugees
individuals who crosses national boundaries to seek safety and asylum-are a significant global problem
total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman will have throughout the years that demographers have defined as her child bearing years-aprox. 15-49 yrs
transnational migrant
migrants who set up homes and or work in more than one nation-state
voluntary migration
movement by an individual based on choice
acid rain
the wet deposition of acid upon Earth created by the natural cleansing properties of the atmosphere
Columbian exchange
interaction between the old world-originating with the voyages of Columbus- and the New World
Deforestation
the removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting
desertification
the degradation of land cover and damage to the soil and water in grasslands and arid and semiarid lands
ecosystem
a community of different species interacting with eath other and with the larger physical environment that surrounds it
nature
a social creation as well as the physical universe that includes human beings
preservation
an approach to nature advocating that certain habitats, species, and resources should remain off-limits to humans use, regardless of whether the use maintain or depletes the resource in question
siltation
the buildup of sand and clay in the natural or artificial waterway
technology
physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes and knowledge or know-how

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