Biology Exam #1
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- The Number of Spieces known and predicted is?
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1.4 million known species.
40 million species estimated to exist on earth. - What is the hummingbird's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Wings beat 25x per second
*Wings flap like twirling blades (Helicopter)
*Symmetrical in wing cross section
*Allow backward flight - What is the Kestrel's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Bird of prey
* Hovers in search of prey
* Excellent Eyes
* Uses wind to hover
* Turn into the wind to dive - What is the Peregrine Falcon's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Fastest bird in air
* dives for prey
* Accel. to 200 mph
* Sweeps wings back to achieve max aerodynamics - What is the Barn Owl's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Slowest bird in air
* Wings give max lift at slow speeds
* Hunt by acute hearing
* Fly silently
* Fly quick so they can hear the sound of their prey - What is the Osprey's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Falcon
* Posseses large wing surface for max lift
* Fish for large prey
* Maninpulate it's prey to achieve most aerodynamic position - How long ago did insects master flight before other organisms took air?
- * 100 million years before other life forms took air
- What variations of insect wings have adapted?
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* 2 pairs of wings (Dragonflies)
* Foldable wings
* Bee wings are hitched together, smaller and faster
* Beetle wings are protective covers
* Fly wings have gyroscope - How does the scientific process differ from other life forms?
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*WEPA
* Wonderment (Observation)
* Explanation (natural tendancy of the human mind)
* Prediciton (Hallmark of Science) Testing the correctness of explaination
* Application Technology - What is the inportance of predictive power in scientific theory?
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* the theory is determined to be scientific based on their power of prediction
* Non predictive theories are not considered scientific theories - How do human chromosomes determine sex?
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* 23rd pair of chromosomes determine sex.
* X chromosome is larger, the y is smaller. - Male? Female? Sex chromosome?
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* XX- Women
* XY- Men - Sex determination?
- SRY gene detects male/femalenes.
- When does it occur in human embryos?
- It occurs at early embryotic stages. The embryo has he genetic info to be male or female. (over 48 hour period)
- Natural path for human sex determination?
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The SRY gene triggers the Y chromosome set sthe development path for maleness.
* If no trigger then a female develops. - Normal developmental pattern for males and females?
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* Trigge in the Y chromosome sets path for males to develop testes and produce testosterone when the protein is present.
* When not present, the the female pattern follows and ovaries are developed. - Role of the Y chromosome in sex determination?
- The Y chromosome changes to be male if the maleness trigger is present, and a female if not triggered. (Turns to XX Female and XY male)
- What is the maleness trigger?
- * The SRY Gene
- What is the default body plan if an SRY Gene is not present?
- * Female
- What is AIS? Another name for AIS?
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* Anodren insensitive syndrome
* Also known as Testicular Femilinzation
* SRY Gene is present and normal on the Y Chromosome
* The body misses the gene that is necessary to respond to the effect of testosterone.
* Never develops the male body plan - How can an individual have the genotype to be XY but have the phenotype to be a female?
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* Their gene is missing or nonfunctional in their Y Chromosome
* Without the SRY Gene switch protien, the reproductive precursor cells will proceed to develop into the female body form, ovaries. - How can a female XX have the male secondary sex characteristic?
- * The Y chromosonal material may override resulting in a XX male.
- Prokaryotes? Eukoryotes?
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* Prokaryotes-lack a membrane enclosed nucleous and organelles.
* Eukaryotic- contains a membrane enclosed nucleous and organelles. - Pnuemonia? (Include infammation with bacteria, WBC, and fluids)
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Infectious inflammation of the lungs, in witch fluid accumuates in the alveoli.
* Puss filled lungs prevent gas exchange
* Bacteria invades the lungs and white blood cells attack them. - Respiratory tree and alveoli?
- Picture from what is the function of the lung??
- Upper and lower dementions of the Biological world?
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* Smallest independant life form is a mycoplasma at .5 um (free living cell) or 20 nm for a virus.
* The larges is a Sequoia Trees 100 meters - What is the human visual resolution?
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* The ability to distinguish two nearby objects is about .1 millimeter
* Most familiar with 3 feet - All matters are composed of??
- *Atoms
- What are atoms composed of?
- * Subatomic particles, electrons, protons, and neutrons
- Human knowledge ranges from?
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* 10 exponent 25 meter to 10 exponent negative 16 meters covering a range of 10 to the 43rd meters.
* (1 light year is 10 to the 16th meter) - Big Bang Theory?
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* The dominate scientific theory about the orgin of the universe.
* The universe was born 13.7 billion years ago.
* It suggests that the universe started as a tiny clump of matter smaller than a pearl.
* Inflation triggered a hyper fast expansion enlarging the universe trillion trillion trillion fold.
* Hurled matter in all directions.
* THis is suggested b/c it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds. - When did the universe cool after the Big Bang? What did it result in?
- * 370,000 years after, resulting in the formation of stable atoms.
- Early universe contained on _____ (and some helium) the simplest element.
- * Hydrogen
- What happened with Hydrogen?
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* Clouds of hydrogen begins to condense, pulled by their own gravity.
* The condensing hydrogen formed early stars, 100x bigger than the sun. - The massive stars are short lives. How short lived?
- * 2-3 million years
- How did these huge stars die?
- * A huge explosion known as a Hyper Nova.
- The sun is composed of ___ % Hydrogen and ___ % Helium?
- * 70% Hydrogen and 30% Helium.
- what happens in the core of the stars?
- * Hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium withthe release of an enormous amount of energy.
- What happens as stars start to exhaust their hydrogen?
- * They start to fuse helium to form other elements.
- How many heliums fuse to form one carbon?
- * Three
- What are the five characterisicts of life?
- * Life reproduces, metabolizes, captures energy, evolves, and adapts.
- What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? (miracle of human beings, # of cells, babies born each day, organs, and tissues)
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* From single cells to 100 trillion cells
* Hundreds of diff tissues
* Dozens of oragans
* 9 months
* Over 360,00 births a day - Asexual Reproduction?
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* Duplication of DNA
* Bacteria
* replication of DNA as a 4 billion yr old process
* Simple
* Form clones
* Vairaions only from mutation - Sexul reproduction?
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* Advantage, unique combination
* 99.9% of life uses sexual reproduction
* Mixing DNA from 2 individuals
* Every offspring has a unique combo. of DNA
* Advantage of survival amidst changes - Difference between meiosis and mitosis?
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* Mitosis- Somatic Cells, one cycle of cell division, 2 diploid daughter cells
* Meiosis- Gametes, 2 cycles of cell divison, 4 haploid gametes - Define Haploid?
- * The state of having one copy of each chromosome per nucleus or cell. A cell having one chromosome set, or an organism composed of such cells.
- Define Diploid.
- * The state of having each chromosome in two copies per nucleus or cell. A cell having two chromosome sets, or an individual having two chromosome sets in each of its cells. This can be seen by the presence of 2 of each type of chromosome in a cell nucleus at interphase.
- Define Autosome.
- * Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
- Define somatic cell.
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* Mitosis (occurs in)
* A cell that is not destined to become a gamete; a cell whose genes cannot be passed on to future generations. - How many chromosomes are included in haploid and diploid cells?
- 46 diploid, 23 haploid
- Gametes have what occurs meosis or mitosis?
- * Meiosis
- What is recombination?
- * Exchanging genes between chromosonal pairs genreating unique combination of genes.
- How many chromosomes are in a normal diploid somatic cell? If you had an extra chromosome in each cell, the the count would be 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46.
- If you had an extra chromosome in each cell, the the count would be 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46.
- How many chromosomes did you receive from your father? Your mother?
- * 23 from each for a total of 46.
- How many sperm are ther per ejaculate?
- * 200-300 million
- What is the defective rate of sperm per ejaculate?
- * 60%
- Where is new sperm constantly made?
- * Seminiferous Tublues
- Where does sperm enter the fallopian tube?
- * Through the cervix
- What allows the sperm to enter the egg's zona? Where does this occur in the female reproductive system?
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* Protiens
* Fallopian Tube - When does the female acquire all the eggs she will have for a lifetime?
- * At birth
- There are a few million eggs at birth, and they are reduced by puberty. How many are in each ovary at this time?
- * 200,000 per ovary
- When is the egg release and how long is it viable?
- * It is released during ovulation and vaible for approximatley 12-24 hours.
- What protects and nurtures the eggs?
- * Support cells
- How long does it take a fertilized egg to start dividing?
- * About 24 hours
- What time does the egg implant into the uterus?
- * About the 5th day
- What is the process of blastogenesis?
- * Zygote to a morula to a blastocyst
- How long after does it take for the three germ layers to be produced?
- * Two weeks after conception
- Endoderm?
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* Inner
* Lung, liver, gut lining - Mesoderm?
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* Middle
* Heart, muscle, bone, and blood - Ectoderm?
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* Outer
* Nervous system, spinal cord, skin, and hair - How many elements occur naturally on Earth?
- * over 90
- How do the natural Earth elements differ from one another?
- * By the # if of protons
- What percent of living matter are composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and Carbon?
- * Greater than 93%
- Plants contain significatnly less _____ and _____ than animals.
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* Nitrogen
* Calcium - Why is carbon the chemical fondation of life?
- * Carbon bonds well, is abundant, and is the base of all likekly forms of ilfe on Earth.
- What is the source of carbon?
- * Carbon is made in the stars
- How many chemical bonds can a carbon atom form?
- * Can form bonds with 1,2,3, or 4 other atoms
- Which of the following biological molecules contain nitrogen? Nucleic Acids, Protiens, lipids, or Carbohydrates?
- * Nucleic Acids
- Where has life been found?
- * Earth, but signs of water on Mars and Jupiter's moon Europa
- What are the three central conditions of life?
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* Elements (Water, energy, nutrients, salt consentration)
* Pressure
* Temperature - What makes water such a good solvent?
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* Water can dissolve many other chemicals because of it's uneven charge distribution.
* Ionization (All charged molecules can dissolve in water through this) - What is ionization?
- * A process by which a neutral atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, thereby acquiring a net charge and becoming an ion
- How does water cause ionization?
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* It causes reactions in the body.
* It causes a neutral atom to gain or losed an electron so that it can become an ion because H2O has an uneven charge. - What are the signs of water on Mars?
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* Ancient Ocean floor in Northern hemisphere
* Image of ancient river beds& lakes that were onced filled up with water. - What did NASA say twin orvers discoverd in the Martian rock?
- * Discovered sedimentary layers laid down with water
- Where is Europa?
- * A large moon off of Jupiter
- What is on the surface of Europa?
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* Thin ice crust
* Cracks that could be an ocean 3x the size of ours - What causes the ice to melt underneath the surfaceof Europa?
- * Sources of heat enregy from internal friction caused by the gravity of Jupiter andit's other moons.
- What is chemical energy? What is the ultimate source of energy for living organisms?
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* Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
* Sunlight - How does energy release from chemical compounds?
- * By breaking these bonds.
- What are the three components of the plasma membrane?
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* Lipid Bilayer- cellular communication
* Membrane Protiens
* Selectivev permeability - Prokaryote?
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* Cell wall
* Cell membrane
* No nucleus
* No organelles - Eukaryote?
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* Animal – no cell wall
* Plant – cell wall
* Nucleus
* Organelles - What is the basic function of the Nucleous oraganelle?
- * DNA
- What is the basic function of the Mitochondria oraganelle?
- * Energy metabolisim
- What is the basic function of the Lysosome organelle?
- * Digestive
- What is the basic funstion of the Chloroplast organelle?
- * Photosynthesis
- What is the basic function of the Endoplasmic recticulm
- * Protein synthesis
- What is Endosymbiosis signifacance with prokaryotes?
- * Prokaryotes gave rise to the first Eukryotic cells in the process known as endosymbiosis.
- What is the significance of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?
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* invention of a hand held microscope
that sees 300x magnification. The first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and living cells. - How can living cells be observed? What did they allow?
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* light microscopy to scanning electron microscopy
* This allowed a wide variety of specimens with physical and medical sciences. - Characteristics of Protista,single cell organisms, eukaryotes, ameoba, paramecium, plasmodium, algae, and seaweed?
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* Single-cell organisms
* All eukaryotes
* Animal-like: amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium (causing malaria) * Plant-like (photosynthesis): algae, seaweeds
*Colonial formation – giant kelp
* Motiliy – flagella and cilia
* Sexual and asexual reproduction - What is a colonial oraganism?
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*Collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a close group
* Most cells carry out specific functions
* Straddle the border between unicellular and true multicellular organisms
* they lack tissues and organs, but have cell specialization - What is the significance of the discovery of insulin? What else is important in the discovery?
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* Discovered in 1921
* Without it diabetics would die exremely fast
* Fredrick Banting and Charles Best isolated insulin from a cow pancreas. - Define Diabetes?
- *A disease in which insulin is not produced enough in the body, islet cells are distroyed, and it is an autoimmune disease.
- What is the cause, consequences, clinical symptoms, and treatment of IDDM?
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* Type one or Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
* Occurs in younger people - What is the cause, consequences, clinical symptoms, and treatment of NIDDM
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* Noninsulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
* Occurs in adults (4 F's)
Family, food, fat, and forty)* 90% to 95% of diabetics are this type.
*Insulin tolerance
* Insufficient insulin production
* Problems with insulin receptors
* Use insulin
* Bone marrow transplants - What is the cause, consequences, clinical symptoms, and treatment of Gestational Diabetes?
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* High sugar level affects fetal development
* Premature birth
* Diabetic coma and death for pregnant women
* Insulin treatment
* Bone marrow transplants - Consequences of diabetes mellitus?
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* Death
* Diabetic Coma
* No cure - Consequences of ketacidosis?
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* Keytone production is lowering of blood pH to an acidic pH.
* If this persists, a diabetic coma can occur. - Consequences of a diabetic coma?
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* This can cause death.
* insulin levels are too low which produces Ketones - Where is insulin produced? (cells)
- * This is produced by the Beta Cells of the Islet of Langerhans within the Pancreas
- Future cures for diabetes?
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* There is no cure
* Hopefully the use of stem cell research will produce a treatment or cure - Define glucose.
- * Glucose is a simple sugar, an energy source, and a building block for complex carbohydrates.
- Define glycogen.
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* This is the stored version of glucose.
* In Animal cells
* In plant cells this is starch - The role of insulin and glucagon?
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* Glucagon is produced in the pancreas with insulin.
* This is used in between meals or exercise in order to keep glucose levels high enough.
* Insulin is used when glucose levels are high in order to break down some of the sugars. - Define Hyperglycemic.
- * This is when blood glucose level is too high.
- Define hypoglycemic.
- * This is when blood glucose level is too low.
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