Science Trimester Three 8th Grade Final
Terms
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- The earth is approximately _______ km from the sun. This distance is equal to ___ AU (________)
-
150million
1
Astronomical Unit - Another way to measure distance is to measure the speed of _________.
- Light
-
Light travles approximately
________ km/s. What is this distance also called? -
18,000,000 km
1 light-minute - The distances between the planets in our solar system can also be measured in light ________ and _______ hours.
-
minutes
light - How long does it take the light from the sun to reach the earth?
- 8.3 light minutes
- Distances between stars are measured in ______ years, which is the distance ______ travels in one Earth _______.
-
light
light
year - Light travels _________km in one _______ _______.
-
9.5 trillion
Earth year - The North Star (_______) is _ _ _ light years from Earth.
-
Polaris
431 - Define Satellite.
- Natural or artificial bodies that revolve around larger bodies like planets.
- List those planets without moons.
- Mercury and Venus
- What is the name of Earth's moon?
- Luna
- For preservation of all impacts to a moon by other objects, what do the conditons have to be?
- It has to have no atmosphere.
- The different phases of the moon are due to the changing positions between the _______ and the ____.
-
Earth
Sun - What is a waxing moon?
- When the sunlit fraction that is visible from Earth is getting larger.
- Name the eight phases of the moon starting from the full moon, and describe what its appearance would be.
-
Full moon: full circle, white
Waning Gibbous: oval shaped, getting smaller from right
Last quarter: left half circle
Waning Crescent: Crescent to left
New Moon: full circle, greyish dark
Waxing crescent: crescent to right
First quarter: Right half circle
Waxing gibbous: oval shaped, odd shaped on left. -
1._________ Spectral Class
^ O B A F G K
i 2._________->
3._________
Luminosity
Magnitude 5.__________
4._________ <-------------
Hotter-Colder -
1. Brighter
2. Color of Stars
3. Brightness
4. Fainter
5. Temperature -
What are the wavelengths of visible light?
a. violet
b. indigo
c. blue
d. green
e. yellow
f. orange
g. red -
a. 400-430
b. 430-450
c. 450-500
d. 500-570
e. 570-590
f. 590-610
g. 610-700 -
Life Cycle of Stars
Put these in order:
A super nova occurs
Nuclear fusion occurs and causes the star to glow
If it is a massive star, a neutron star will form. If it is a super massive star, a black hole will form.< -
5
2
6
1
4
3 - What is a parallax?
- the apparent shift of nearby stars relative to more distant stars as Earth orbits the sun.
- What is an open cluster?
- A group of older stars located in the halo of spiral galaxies.
- What is cosmology?
- The study of the origin and future of the universe.
- What is a black hole?
- Something that is so small and massive that its gravity does not even let light escape.
- What is a white-dwarf?
- A hot star that is near the end of its life.
- What is a spiral galaxy?
- A galaxy that has distinctive arms and a nuclear bulge.
- What is a nebula?
- A giant cloud of gas and dust.
- What is a red giant?
- A large cool star formed when a star runs out of hydrogen.
- What is a pulsar?
- A spinning neutron star.
- What is the apparent magnitude?
- How bright a star looks.
- What is a super nova?
- The explosive death of a star.
- What is a quasar?
- A tiny point of light that is very mall, very far away, and very bright.
- What is a large group of stars in space?
- A galaxy.
- What is the big bang theory?
- A theory that states that the universe began when all of its contents suddenly expanded outward.
- What is a globular cluster?
- A group of stars that form when a lot of gas and dust come together.
- What is the diagonal pattern of stars on a H-R diagram?
- The main sequence.
- What diagram expresses that radiation comes from all directons in space?
- The H-R diagram.
- What is a black dwarf?
- A star that does not give off light.
- Expand.
- To grow larger.
- Glow.
- To shine brightly.
- Core
- the middle
- Sun
- the medium sized star in our solar system.
- Star
- a glowing ball of gas.
- constellation
- a cluster of stars in the sky that can be connected with imaginary lines to make a picture.
-
Describe each kind of galaxy:
Elliptical -
An oval shaped galaxy with a bulge in the middle.
__
/..\
(....)
\__/ - Spiral
-
Top view: a ball in the middle with swirly arms
Side: a flat line with a bulge in the middle. - Barred spiral
-
1. backwards s with a bulge in the middle line
___
\
---0---
\___
2. Pok-e ball
_______
/ \
----0----
\_______/
3. "X" Chromosome - What is an irregular galaxy?
- A galaxy without a particular shape.
- What kind of galaxy is the Milky-way?
- A spiral galaxy.
- The Milky Way has about how many stars?
- 200 billion
- The Milky Way has a diameter of how many light years?
- 100,000 light years
- Our solar system is located in the _______ arm of the Milky Way.
- Orion
- Where is our sun located in our galaxy?
- The Orion arm.
- Stars are the source of light for all bright objects in space.
- True.
- There are more galaxies than stars in the universe.
- True.
- These galaxies contain only old stars.
- Elliptical.
- The Milky Way galaxy is probably this kind of galaxy.
- Spiral.
- Many of these galaxies have their gravity distorted by neighboring galaxies.
- Irregular.
- Most galaxies are this type.
- Spiral.
- These galaxies are massive blobs of stars.
- Elliptical.
- The hot blue stars are located in the ______ ______ of a spiral galaxy. (spiral arms or nuclear bulge.)
- Spiral arms.
- What does a nebula have to do with stars?
- They act as a star nursery and they help form stars.
-
Which usually has more stars:
a globular cluster or an open cluster. - Open cluster
- Galaxies may form how?
-
a. when clouds of gas and dust collapse
b. if the cloud that forms a galaxy is rotating too quickly, an elliptical galaxy is created. If the cloud isn't rotating fast, a spiral galaxy is formed. - Quasars are not:
- very large.
-
Label the following:
(the Milky Way)
-------0--------
^ ^
| | -
1. disk (with the arms)
2. bulge - Name the different arms of the milky way galaxy from the outer most to the innermost.
-
1. Outer arm
2. Perseus arm
3. Orion arm
4. Sagittarius-Carina arm - Name the layers of the sun in order from innermost to outer most.
-
1. the core
2. the radiative zone
3. the convective zone
4. the photosphere
5. the chromosphere
6. the corona - Name a trait of the following:
- dot, dot, dot
- the core
- the sun's energy is produced here
- the radiative zone
- the layer is so dense that light takes a long time to pass through
- the convective zone
- hot and cool gases circulate, bringing the sun's energy to the surface.
- the photoshpere
- we know this layer as the sun's surface
- the chromosphere
- temperatures rangge from 4,000 C to 50,000 C
- the corona
- The gases are visible only during a total eclipse and can reach temperatures of up to 2 million degrees Celsius.
- Sun spots
- violent storms on the surface of the sun
- Where the sun is
- the center of the solar system
- Hydrogen
- the most abundant gas in the galaxy
- Light and heat are two forms of:
- energy (given off by the sun)
- Roman name for sun
- sol
- astronomist
- one who studies the planets, stars, and other celestial objects.
- our sun is a
- yellow star
- True or false:
- dot dot dot
- Terrestrial means Earth.
- true
- Mercury takes the longest of all planets to revolove around the sun.
- false (fix all of the false statements mentally)
- Mercury has a smooth surface
- false
- Venus is the hottest planet
- true
- The greenhouse effect happens when heat is trapped inside a planet's atmosphere.
- true
- Venus rotates on its axis similar to the way Earth rotates on its axis.
- false
- Venus has thick clouds of sulfuric acid.
- true
- Mars is colored blue.
- false
- Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system.
- true
- Mars' volcano is active.
- False
- Mars has frozen water.
- True
- Mars takes 50,000 years to rotate on its axis.
- True
- The four inner planets are Mercury, Mars, Earth and Saturn.
- False
- The Inner Planets are also known as the Rockies.
- True
- Mars is the only planet that an unmanned spacecraft has landed on.
- True
- Mercury's surface is _______.
- Rough and cratered like our moon.
- What is Mercury lacking and why?
- An atmosphere because it's gravity is too weak to hold it.
- Venus' thick atmosphere traps large amounts of heat. Why?
- The greenhouse effect.
- On Venus and Uranus, the sun rises in what direction?
- West.
- Olympus Mons is:
- the largest volcano in the solar system
- What are the four gas giants?
- Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, and Uranus.
- How did the solar system form?
- From a nebula.
- How much of the solar system's matter did the sun claim when it formed?
- 99%
- Who is Jupiter named after?
- A roman mythical king.
- Where is the Great Red Spot located?
- on Jupiter.
- Gas Giants revolve ______ around the sun than Terrestrials.
- Slower
- Saturns rings are made from:
- Dust and ice
- What is perturbance?
- Disturbance by gravity.
- What is orbit?
- the path a celestial body travels around another body.
- What is the difference between orbiting and revolving?
- orbiting is a celestial body traveling around another body, but revolving is a celestial body spinning.
- Counterclockwise
- prograde
- Clock wise
- retrograde
- Gas Giants revolve ______ around the sun that Terrestrials.
- Slower