Health Assessment - Ch. 26 - Pregnant Female
Terms
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- Gynecological Age
-
the difference between current age and age at menarche
- 3 years or less are still completing linear growth - Pica
-
eating nonfood items or ice
- consumption of earth or clay can be a source of contamination - Placenta
-
- ovoid organ
- weighs 1/6 of fetus
- covers 1/3 of uterus
- develops from fertilized ovum - What are the functions of the placenta?
-
1. metabolism
2. transport of gases and nutrients
3. secretion of hormones - Gestational Age
- age in weeks from the last normal menstrual period
- Embryo
-
- from conception to 8 weeks
- before all the organs are developed - Fetus
- - 8 weeks to birth
- Teratogen
- an agent, such as a virus, a drug, a chemical, or radiation, that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus, may induce major congenital anomalies
- Viability
-
the point at which the fetus can survive outside the uterus
- as early as 22 weeks or 1 lb - Quickening
-
the fluttery initial sensations of fetal movement perceived by the mother
- felt earlier in females who have previously given birth - When does the fetal heart start beating?
- 22 days
- When are major congenital anomalies risks the highest?
-
from weeks 3-8
- not during the first 2 weeks
(first 2 weeks, death and spontaneous abortion are common) - Ductus Venosus
-
A shunt in fetal circulation that enables the fetus to maximize oxygenation from the maternal circulation
- partially bypasses the fetal liver - Foramen Ovale
- A shunt in fetal circulation before birth that connects the fetal right atrium to the fetal left atrium
- Ductus Arteriosus
-
A shunt in fetal circulation that shunts blood into the descending aorta
- bypasses the lungs - Primigravida
-
female pregnant for the first time
- "show" later than someone who has been pregnant before - Muligravida
-
female who has been pregnant before
- "show" earlier than primigravida - McDonald's Rule
-
- estimating fetal growth
- after 20 weeks in pregnancy, the weeks of gestation approximately equal fundal height (cm) - Lightening
-
the descent of the fetal head into the pelvis
- fundal height drops slightly
- between 38-40 weeks - Hegar's Sign
- softening of the region of the uterus that connects the body to the cervix
- Piskacek's Sign
- the irregular shape of the uterus caused by the implantation of the ovum
- Amenorrhea
-
absence of menstruation
- one of the first signs of pregnancy - Braxton Hicks Contractions
-
painless and unpredicatable contractions of the uterus
- do not dilate the cervix - Ballottement
-
technique of palpation
- examiner's hand pushes against uterus
- detects the presence or position of a fetus by its return impact - Amniotic Fluid
- - clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the fetus
- Mucus Plug
- a protective covering of the cervix that develops during pregnancy because of PROGESTERONE
- Leukorrhea
- a profuse, nonodourous, nonpainful vaginal discharge that protects against infection
- An increase in ________ predisposes the mother to yeast infections
- Glycogen
- Goodell's Sign
- An increase in cervical vascularity that contributes to the softening of the cervix
- Chadwick's Sign
- Vascular congestion that creates a blue-purple blemish or change in cervical colour
- Ripening
- sofetning of the cervix near the end of pregnancy in anticipation of birth
- Effacement
- Thinning of the cervix occuring near the end of pregnancy in preparation for labour
- Dilation
- Progessive opening of the cervix
-
Montgomery's Glands
(AKA Montgomery's Tubercles) - Sebaceous glands (oil) on the areola that enlarge and produce a secretion that protects and lubricates the nipples
- Colostrum
- Thick, yellow discharge that may leak from a pregnant woman's breasts in the month before she gives birth, in preparation for lactation
- Physiological Anemia
- a decrease in hemoglobin & hematocrit caused by plasma volume increase outpacing the increase in RBCs
- Mammary Souffle
-
a murmur over the mammary vessel caused by increased blood flow and occasionally heard during pregnancy
- heart rate gradually increases 10-20 bpm during pregnancy -
Supine Hypotension Syndrome
(AKA Vena Cava Syndrome) - pressure from the pregnant uterus compresses the aorta and the IVC when the female is supine, causing dizziness, fainting, and a drop in HR and BP
- Linea Nigra
- a dark line running from the umilicus to the pubic area
-
Melasma
(AKA Cholasma or the "mask of pregnancy) -
occurs in butterfly pattern over the forehead, nose and cheeks
- genetics
- use of combined oral contraceptive pills -
Striae Gravidarum
(AKA Stretch Marks) -
pinkish-purplish skin depressions in CT
- develop in 2nd half of pregnancy - Fundal Height
-
size of the fundus;
after 20 weeks pregnancy, the weeks of gestation is equal to the fundal height in cm - Leopold's Manoeuvres
- a special palpation sequence of the abdomen used to determine the position of the fetus after 28 weeks gestation (approx. 7 weeks)
- Menarche
- Age of the first menstrual period
- Naegele's Rule
- a formula that can be used to compute the fetus' expected date of birth (EDB) based on the mother's last menstrual period (LMP)