Study guide for science test
Terms
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- Black lung disease
- pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of coal dust.
- antibodies
- a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.
- % of carbon dioxide exhaled
- 4%
- cerebellum
- the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.
- white blood cells
- Any of the colorless or white cells in the blood that have a nucleus and cytoplasm and help protect the body from infection and disease through specialized neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
- amygdala
- a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere, associated with the sense of smell.
- gastric juices
- a thin, clear, virtually colorless acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands and active in promoting digestion.
- Emphysema
- a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.a condition in which air is abnormally present within the body tissues.
- Asthma
- a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity.
- T cells
- thymus-dependent lymphocytes; those that pass through or are influenced by the thymus before migrating to tissues; they are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity.
- eyelids
- each of the upper and lower folds of skin that cover the eye when closed.
- larynx
- the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
- lymph nodes
- each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed.
- Plasma Membrane
- a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
- small intestine
- the part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively.
- kidneys
- each of a pair of organs in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, and reptiles, excreting urine.
- pons
- the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
- hypothalamus
- a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.
- Capillaries
- any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
- trachea
- a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
- cones
- a solid or hollow object that tapers from a circular or roughly circular base to a point.
- how many cells do we have?
- billions
- ventricle
- a hollow part or cavity in an organ, in particular • each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right. • each of the four connected fluid-filled cavities in the center of the
- hemispheres
- a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles
- lymph capillaries
- One of the minute vessels of the lymphatic system.
- liver
- a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes.
- bronchi
- any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe.
- atrium
- each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein
- epiglottis
- a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
- alveoli
- a small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular • any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. • the bony socket for the root of a tooth. • an acinus in a gland.
- pulmonary
- of or relating to the lungs
- metabolism
- the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
- esophagus
- the part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach; the gullet. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.
- pulmonary artery
- the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
- B cells
- bursa-dependent lymphocytes; the precursors of antibody-producing cells (plasma cells) and the cells primarily responsible for humoral immunity.
- cornea
- the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.
- Exhale
- breath out
- pharynx
- the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
- neurons
- a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
- pulmonary veins
- a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
- Nanometer
- one billionth of a meter.
- pathogens
- a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
- peristalsis
- the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
- cerebrum
- the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.
- lungs
- each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed. Lungs are characteristic of vertebrates other than fish, though similar structures are present in some other animal groups.
- lens
- a piece of glass or other transparent substance with curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light rays, used singly (as in a magnifying glass) or with other lenses
- Nucleus
- the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth
- tonsils
- either of two small masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat, one on each side of the root of the tongue.
- REM sleep
- a kind of sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing.
- % of oxygen exhaled
- 16%
- digestive system
- The alimentary canal and digestive glands regarded as an integrated system responsible for the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of foodstuffs and the elimination of associated wastes.
- lymphocytes
- a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring esp. in the lymphatic system.
- hindbrain
- the lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
- diaphragm
- a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
- pupil
- the dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina
- Cytoplasm
- the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
- % of nitrogen inhaled
- 79%
- nasal cavity
- The cavity on either side of the nasal septum, extending from the nares to the pharynx, and lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth.
- lymphatic systems
- the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.
- phagocytes
- a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles
- % of nitrogen exhaled
- 79%
- convoluted
- extremely complex and difficult to follow
- Hemoglobin
- a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.
- retina
- a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.
- % of carbon dioxide inhaled
- .04%
- Inhale
- breath in
- pancreas
- a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.
- iris
- a flat, colored, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center.
- lymph
- a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream. • fluid exuding from a sore or inflamed tissue.
- Photosynthesis
- the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
- large intestine
- the cecum, colon, and rectum collectively.
- medulla oblongata
- the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs
- % of oxygen inhaled
- 20%
- rods
- a light-sensitive cell of one of the two types present in large numbers in the retina of the eye, responsible mainly for monochrome vision in poor light
- systemic
- denoting the part of the circulatory system concerned with the transportation of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body in general, esp. as distinct from the pulmonary part concerned with the transportation of oxygen from and carbon dioxide to the lungs.