Humanities Test 2
Terms
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- Golden Age
- 480-430 bce one of the most creative periods in the world - art, philosophy, architecture
- Lyric Poetry
- Greek Culture - poetry designed to give voice to deep emotions -
- Muses
- Greek-daughters of Zeus & Goddess of memory - they inspired the artists
- Sapphos
- Greek-female Homer-lived on island of Lesbos - wrote lyric poetry
- Alexander the Great
- Greek culture - King of Macedonia - most successful military commander of ancient history
- Julius Caesar
- Roman 46 bce - Roman dictator - restabilizes Rome - veni, vidi, vici attributed to him
- Caesar Augustus
- Roman - Octavian, Given Name Augustus (the Revered One) - Period of Pax Romana - he tried to civilize Rome
- Res Publica
- Roman - set up 287 bce – government of the people
- Pax Romano
- (30 bce -180 ce) -Era of peace & stability in Rome
- Virgil
- Roman - Rome’s greatest poet – author of the National Epic- Aeneid
- Aeneid
- Roman - 20 bce-Rome’s National Epic – written by Virgil - Iliad & Odyssey equivalent for Rome
- Horace
- Roman - very skillful social critic – He was a moralist – he wanted to change society - Carpe Diem – “Seize the day†– attributed to him
- carpe diem
- Roman - Poem written by Horace - Sieze the day - express the idea that one should enjoy life while one can.
- Satire
- Rome’s most original contribution to literature - Satire uses humor to denounce human vice & folly – human imperfections are mocked through comic exaggeration.
- Juvenal
- Rome’s most famous satirist – especially hostile toward women & foreigners. Famous for his 6th Satire – most bitter anti female diatribe. Most bitter attack on females in literature.
- Jupiter
- Roman (King of the Gods) - Zeus
- Juno
- Roman (Queen of the Gods) - Hera
- Bacchus
- Roman (God of Wine & vegetation) - Dionysus
- Venus
- Roman (Goddess of Love & Beauty) - Aphrodite
- Analect
- Chinese - Confucius - Commentaries on how to live the good life or right kind of life – addressing questions of moral conduct
- Silk Road
- Chinese - Silk, ivory, gems, spices. Traded with the west in a trading route called the Silk Road. Traded from Pacific to Asia Minor.
- Mithraism
- Roman -Its God Mithra slaughters a sacred bull & renders the earth fertile. Similarities to Christianity
- Sadducees
- Jewish - learned Jewish aristocrats who believed the Messiah would be a temporal leader who would give them political freedom. Did not believe in the immortality of the soul.
- Pharisees
- Jewish - more influential that the Sadducees & saw Messiah as a spiritual redeemer and viewed the soul as eternal and also believed in eternal punishment (Hell)
- Essenes
- Jewish monastic community practiced asceticism – more reclusive- more radical. Believed in eternal life.
- Asceticism
- Jewish Essenes - Strict self denial & self discipline
- Dead Sea Scrolls
- Cbristian - Copies of Old Testament found near the Dead Sea
- Gospels
- Christian our most important source of information we have about the life of Jesus. Earliest of them were written 40 years after Jesus’ death
- Sermon on the Mount
- Jewish - One of the most representative of Jesus' sermons
- Paul (Saul) of Tarsus
- Christian - regarded as the cofounder of Christianity – Apostle to Gentiles. Credited with having written 10-14 of the 27 NT Testaments. Identified Jesus as Cristos (Christ) – Explained Jesus death as a living sacrifice to atone for original sin
- Edict of Milan
- Roman - Constantine declared religious tolerance throughout the Empire
- Buddha Siddhartha Gautama
- (566 bce) Buddhist - The original Buddha
- Bodhisattva
- Buddhist - concept developed by the Mahayana sect – Compassionate beings before & after Buddha postponed Nirvana to aid and guide people (Compared to Christian Saints)
- Hinayana
- Buddhist - focused on personal pursuit of Nirvana – closer to Buddhism’s original teaching
- Mahayana
- Buddhism - elevated Buddha to divine status and added many new teachings & legends
- Pitakas
- Buddhist -Teachings of Buddha - written in 3 main books - Baskets of the Law
- Sutras
- Buddhist - Instructional chapters in the Patikas
- Zen
- Chinese - sect that developed in China – influenced by Daoism – emphasized meditation & visionary insight and the awakened mind.
- Petrine Doctrine
- Roman - doctrine advanced by Leo the great in the 5th century – The bishop of Rome gained preeminence as the temporal representative of Christ on earth
- Nicene Creed
- Statements of the Christian Faith - First worldwide Ecuminical Council
- Benedict
- Established the first Western Monastic community in Southern Italy – Founder of the Benedictine Rule – sound mind – sound body
- Scholastica
- Sister of Benedictine – started a monastery for women - most people believed that women were the daughters of Eve
- Iconography
- Iconography - study of the symbolic importance of signs or emblems – Evangelist as 4 winged creatures –
- Catacombs
- Romans - provided us with the earliest evidence of Christian art – Subterranean burial chambers outside of Rome – Usually for the important people – Richly decorated with frescoes
- Orans
- Christian - position – arms upraised in prayer
- Jerome
- Translated the Vulgate – basically translated the Old & New Testament into Latin
- Ambrose
- Roman - Bishop of Milan – responsible for writing many of the early Christian Hymns
- Gregory
- Roman Aristocrat who became Pope – Established the structure for ruling the church – responsible for converting England to Christianity
- Augustine
- Christian - greatest philosopher of Christian Antiquity- Wrote Confessions & City of God – Advocated dualistic Model
- Dualistic Model
- sets up a separation – unclean body vs purified soul – separated mind & body – Viewed the Hebrew Bible as a symbolic guide to Christian belief – taking events from the OT as symbolic of the NT – ie comparing the Ark as symbolic of the physical body of Christ
- Gregorian Chant
- derived from the ancient Jewish rituals of chanting prayers & psalms. Designed to celebrate the sacrifice of Christ body in blood – monophonic & acopella
- Stupas
- Buddhist - beehive shaped burial mounds of brick & stone – 8 originally constructed to hold cremated ashes of Buddha
- Mandala
- Budhhist - Designs of the universe – used as a visual aid to meditation – circular
- Pagoda
- Chinese - Buddhist - multi tiered tower -transformed the stupa into a work of architecture in China
- Muhammad
- Islam - (570-632) – little formal education – went into dessert – confronted by Gabriel – told him to proclaim himself Allah (age 41) – Mecca: Birthplace of Muhammad – Medina: Muhammad immigrated there
- Ramadan
- Islam - is the ninth month of the Islamic year –for prayer & fasting
- Hajj
- Islam - a pilgrimage to Mecca
- Jihad
- Islam - Holy war of fervent religious struggle
- Sunni
- Islam - Orthodox version of faith – 90% of Muslims are Sunni Leadership chosen by the people
- Shiite
- Islam - Only Muhammad’s direct descendents can rule. Claims descent through Muhammad cousin Ali – Most live in Iraq & Iran
- Caliphs
- Islam - Successors to Muhammad
- Sufism
- Islam - followers of Muhammad who chose a meditative world renouncing lifestyle. Committed to purification of the soul. Mystical union with God through meditation & prayer
- Rumi
- Islam - Great Sufi minister & Poet
- The Thousand and one Nights
- Islam - Collection of Prose tales -assembled over 200 years – Brought together tales from India, Arabia, Persia
- Scheherazade
- Islam - is the fictional storyteller of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.
- Arabesque
- Islam - kind of ornament that draws from plant & flower forms – motifs are repeated
- 4 Noble truths
- Buddhist - there is suffering, there is cause to suffer, there is an end to suffering, there is a path out of suffering
- Han Dynasty
- Chinese - (206 bce-220 ce) -Classical Age for China-developed Silk Road, tripled size of China, restored honor to Confucius
- Confucius
- Chinese - (551-479 bce) Works are in Analects, Chinas most notable thinker, self educated teacher - how to live the good/right life
- Qin Dynasty
- Chinese - (221-206 bce) Emporer chin - oppressive time - lots of standardizations, promoted silk industry
- Quran
- Islam - “recitation†Holy book of Islam, Teachings of Muhammad,114 chapters,Guidelines for worship/moral instruction
- Hellenistic
- Greek - art/architecture was Larger,more theatrical, had broader range of subject, portrayed in real life ways