Earth Science Midterm 2
Terms
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- When heating test tubes, always pointe the _____ end of the tube away from yourself and others
- open
- Where should you throw glass away?
- Special container
- A simple statement or question explaining the reason for the investigation.
- Problem
- A possible answer to the problem that can be tested.
- Hypothesis
- A numbered list of steps used to complete the experiment. (specific as possible)
- Procedure
- A description of what you observed while following the procedure. (DATA TABLE)
- Observations
- Two simple sentences:(1) Re-write you hypothesis, and (2) state if your hypothesis was proven true of false
- Conclusion
- An explanation of how you decided that your hypothesis was true of false. Includes mathematical calculations, graphs, and summary data tables.
- Analysis
- The Law of Conservation of Mass
- Mass is neither created nor destroyed.
- What is the order of conversions?
- Kilo Hecto Deca(Da) Base Deci Centi Milli
- Mass is measured in ______
- Grams
- Volume is measured in ______
- Liters
- Length is measured in ______
- Meters
- Mass has to do with ____ which measures the amount of matter in a given space.
- density
- The color of a star tells you how ____ it is.
- Hot (also what it is made of)
- What color is cold?
- Red
- What color is hot?
- Blue
- If a star is big, it's _____
- bright
- If a star is small, it's ____
- dim
- Where a star's temperature is plotted against it's brightness.
- H-R Diagram
- What can you determine by an H-R diagram about a star?
- It's properties and life stage.
- Stars that can be seen all year
- Circumpolar
- Stars that are mostly seen during certain times of the year
- Equitorial
- The wave source is moving away
- Red Shift
- The wave source is moving closer
- Blue Shift
- How wave frequencies change from motion
- Doppler Affect
- What system do we use to tell the distance from a star to the Earth?
- Parallax
- What is the system of Parallax measured in?
- Light years
- What is the first step in the life cycle of a star?
- Nebula
- What is the second step in the life cycle of a star?
- Protostar
- What is the third step in the life cycle of a star?
- Main Sequence
- What are the two different ways a star can take after a main sequence star?
- Red Giant and Red Supergiant
- What comes after red giant?
- White Dwarf
- What comes after a white dwarf?
- Black Dwarf
- What comes after a red supergiant?
- Supernova
- What comes after a supernova?
- Neutron Star
- What comes after a neutron star?
- Black Hole
- Shape of a spiral galaxy
- Pin-wheel
- Elliptical Galaxy
-
-Typically have older stars
-Most common
-Vary in shape(sphere, elongated, flat disks) - Irregular Galaxy
- Doesn't have a regular shape
- What kind of galaxy are we in?
- Spiral
- Globular Cluster
- Most common, form into sphere or round shape
- Open Cluster
- unorganized group of stars
- How fast does light travel?
- 300,000 km/s
- What is the Big Bang theory?
- Big explostion in space then everything appeared.
- What is fusion?
- When you take two atoms, smash them together really hard and come up with a new one
- Name the structures of the sun from the core and on.
- Core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona.
- What is happening in the core?
-
Energy is produced (Fusion)
15 million* K - 27 million* K - Radiation Zone
-
Millions of years to travel through
8 million* K - Convection Zone
-
Energy travels quicker
7 thousand* K - Photosphere
-
-Surface of the sun
-Radiation and light escapes
500 km thick/6 thousand* K - Chromosphere
-
Source of flares/prominences
20 thousand* C - Corona
-
-Crown
-Seen only during solar eclipses
-Made of ions
-Source of solar wind
2 million* C - Solar Wind
- Ions are so hot, gravity can't hold them onto the sun
- Sun Spots
-
-Cool (temp.) spot
-Caused by twisting of magnectic fields - Solar Flares
-
-Violent eruption, only lsts for a few minutes
-Can cause auroras - When do prominences happen?
- During solar eclipses
- What are prominences?
- Cool sheets of gas that condense out of the corona above the active regions
- How did the solar system form?
-
-Nebular Theory-The sun and the planets condenseed out of the same spinning nebula.
-1796 by de Laplace - What are planetesimals?
- Small bodies thought to have orbited the sun during the formation of the planets
- What are protoplanets?
- The initial phase in the development of a planet
- What is a solar nebula?
- A gaseous cloud (or accretion disc) from which solar systems are formed
- Formation of the Earth
-
-Temp. of Baby Earth was hot enough to melt iron
-Gravity pulled melted iron to core
-More dense materials ended up in the center, and less dense on the outside - Mercury
-
-Little to no atmosphere
-Hard, rocky, and pitted with many impact craters
-No moons - Venus
-
-Thick atmosphere, mainly composed of Carbon Dioxide
-Thick layers of clouds, mostly made of sulfuric acid.
-Constant lightening
-Similar to Earth - What is the Earth's atmosphere composed of?
-
Nitrogen(78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Trace Gases (1%) - What kind of weather and atmosphere does our moon have?
- No atmosphere and no weather
- Mars
-
-Thin atmosphere
-Dust storms black out sky
-Red rust color
-Plenty of impact craters
-Largest volcano (Olympus Mons)
-Largest canyon (Valles Marineris - What are the two moons of Mars?
- Phobos and Demos
- Jupiter
-
-Hydrogen and Helium atmosphere
-Constant storms, thick clouds
-63 known moons - Saturn
-
-Hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Windy, constant storms
-Liquid surface
-32 known moons - What is Saturn's biggest moon and why is it so special?
- Titan, believed to be closest to primative Earth environment
- Uranus
-
-hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Lack of sunlight effects weather
-Plain surface
-27 known moons - Neptune
-
-hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Very active weather
-8 known moons - Great Dark Spot
- Neptune, long gone
- Pluto
-
-Biggest of the Kuiper Belt objects
-Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide atmosphere
-Cloudy and windy
-1 known moon
-Rock and ice surface - What are the 4 Jovian (outer) planets?
-
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
-Gas Giants - What are the 4 Terrestrial (inner) planets?
-
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
-Rock Surface - How many moons do the Terrestrial planets have?
- Three
- What is retrograde motion?
- The apparent reversal of a planets normal motion against the background of fixed stars
- Asteroids
-
Fragments of rock that orbit the sun
-elliptical orbits - Asteroids are classified into what three categories?
-
1). Carbon
2). Iron and Nickel
3). Silicate minerals - Comets
-
-Made of rock, ices, and tars
-Consist of nucleas, coma, and tails
-Tails points away from sun
-Elliptical orbit around the sun - The Oort Cloud
-
A spherical cloud of dust and ice that contain nuclei of as many as a trillian comets
-astronomers believe comets come from Oort Cloud - Meteroids
-
-Smaller bits of rock or metal
-Most burn up when attempting to enter the atmosphere - Meteor
- A meteroid that is burning up while entering the atmosphere
- Meteorite
- A meteoroid or any part of one that is left after it hits the earth
- What are the three groups that meteorites are classified as?
-
1). Stony (rock-like)
2). Iron (metallic appearance)
3). Stony-Iron (BOTH) - How many Apollo mission went to the moon?
- Six
- Maria
-
-Dark area of the Moon, lava flows
-Always faces the Earth - Highlands
-
-light areas of the moon
-older than the maria - What makes up the Highlands?
- Anorthosite
- What makes up the Maria?
- Basalt
- What can be found in both the Highland and the Maria?
- Breccia
- What are rills?
- Channels cut by molten basalt
- Spring tide
- The sun's and moon's gravitational force is working together
- Neap tide
- The sun's and moon's gravitational force oppose each other
- Ebb current
- As the tide goes out
- Flood current
- As the tide comes in
- Apogee
- Furthest distance from the sun during orbit (moon)
- Perigee
- Closest distance from the sun during orbit (moon)
- The inner cone shape of the shadow is called the _____
- umbra
- The outer part of the shadow is called the ______
- Penumbra
- Time it takes for one rotation (Earth-24 hours)
- Day
- Time it takes for the moon to go through one cycle (Earth-29.5 days)
- Month
- How are the layers divided?
- Temperature
- Where is almost all atmospheric moisture found?
- Troposphere
- Where is the jet stream located?
- Below the tropopause
- Where is the ozone layer?
- Statosphere
- Where do most meteors burn up?
- Mesosphere
- What are the two sub-chategories of the thermosphere?
- ionosphere and exosphere
- What is the coldest layer?
- Mesosphere
- Climate
- Long term
- Weather
- happening now
- What are the Greenhouse gasses?
- carbon dioxide, chlorofloro dioxide, methane nitrous oxide
- What does the Greenhouse Effect do?
- Traps the sun's heat (carbon dioxide)
- What is the importance of the ozone?
- It protects the Earth's inhabitants by absorbing harmful UV rays from the sun
- Coriolis Effect
- Causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to be deflected to the right and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
- Which global wind are we in?
- Westerlies
- Cloud Formation
-
1). Warm, moist air rises
2). Rising air expands and cools to its dew point
3). Water vapor condenses on condensation nuclei to form liquid cloud droplets - Convective cooling
-
-Hot air from surface cools as it rises
-Adiabatice temperature changes - Forceful lifting
-
-When air mass meets a mountain
-Air is forced upwards
-Cools - Advective cooling
- -Warm, moist air travels over a cold body of water
- Cold front
-
-Cumulus clouds
-Heavy precipitation - Warm front
-
-Stratus clouds
-Light precipitation - Occluded
-
-Cold catches up with warm
-Heavy precipitation
-Cumulus clouds - Stationary
-
-Don't move
-Precipitation
-Weak winds - Isobar
- Measures barometric pressure