reading test one
Terms
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- hydrogenation
- manufacturers can convert unsaturated fats to saturated through this but it also creates trans fats
- saturated fats
- contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
- mass number
- sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
- energy coupling
- the transfer of energy from processes that yield energy to processes the consume energy (ATP does this)
- isomers
- molecules that have the same molecular formula but different strucures ex. glucose and fructose
- chlorophyll
- absorbs the light energy that the chloroplasts put to work in making food
- pathogens
- bacteria and other organisms that cause disease
- trans fats
- type of unsaturated fats that is more unhealthy than saturated fats
- hypotonic
- solution with a lower concentration of solute
- chloroplasts
- in plant but NOT animal cells--organelles that convert light energy into chemical energy for food. organelles that perform photosynthesis
- neutron
- electrically neutral (no electric charge)
- second part of the binomial
- refers to one particular species within the genus Ex. Felis catus and italicized
- eukaryotic cells
- have several membrane-enclosed oranelles and the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane and houses much of the DNA
- chemical energy
- fuels have a special form or potential energy which arises from the arrangement of atoms
- photosystem
- within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll is organized with other molecules into these. each has a cluster of a few hundred pigment molecules
- potential energy
- that an object has because of its location of arrangement
- cells link acids together by..
- dehydration reactions--the resulting bond is called peptide bond
- cellular respiration
- aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules
- grouping of species
- similar genera in the same family, puts families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla, phyla into kingdoms, and kingdoms into domains
- absorption
- how fungi acquires nutrients--small organic molecules are absorbed from the surrounding mediums
- metabolism
- the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
- organelles
- diverse parts ("little organs")
- energy
- the capacity to do work
- mycelium
- interwoven mat which is the feeding network of the fungus
- resolving power
- clarity depends on this--the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as seperate
- two major parts of prokaryotes
- bacteria and archaea
- primary structure
- each protein has a unique linear sequence of amino acids. this specific amino acid sequence is called this
- hydrophobic
- do not mix in water such as salad dressing
- chemical reactions
- Breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones--such changes in the chemical composition of matter. Cannot create or destroy matter--they rearrange it
- kinetic energy
- the energy of motion
- atoms
- greek word meaning "indivisible"- smallest unit matter that still retains the properties of an element
- parasitism
- relationship in which two species live in contact and one organism benefits while the other is harmed ex. some fundi and plants
- Carbohydrates
- "carbs", include the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks as well as long starch molecules in pastas
- Linnaeus's system
- assigns to each species a two-part latinized name or binomial
- fungi reproduction
- do so by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually
- prokaryotic cells
- much smaller and structurally simpler and lack internal structures surrounded by membranes and has no nucleus
- electromagnetic spectrum
- the full range of radiation, from the very short wavelengths of gamma rays to the very long of radio signals
- exotoxins
- poisonous proteins secreted by bacterial cells
- nucleus
- the atom's central core
- animal cell and solute concentration
- -Isotonic: Perfect -Hypotonic: may burst to bad -Hypertonic: shrivels so bad
- plasmolysis
- as a plant cell loses water, the plasma membrane shrivels and pulls away from the cell wall
- cellulose
- most abundant organic compound on earth--forms cable like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and is a major component of wood
- induced fit
- the entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change its shape slightly and make the fit between substrate and active site
- monosaccarides are the main...
- fuel molecule for cellular work--cells break down glucose molecules and extract their stored energy
- first antibiotic discovered
- penicillin made by the common mold penicillium
- amino acids
- proteins are constructed of amino acids--consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners
- four elements essential to life
- carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
- double helix
- a molecule of DNA is double stranded, with two polynucleotides wrapped around eachother
- reduction
- the acceptance of electrons during a redux reaction
- products
- right side of the arrow
- ciliates
- protozoans that use locomotor structures called cilia to move and feed
- nucleotides
- nucleic acids are polymers made from these monomers. consist of three parts
- cristae
- the inner membrane of the matrix envelope has numerous infoldings called this
- in photosynthesis
- carbon dioxide enter and oxygen exits by way of tiny pores called stomata and requires water as an inorganic ingredient through the roots
- protozoans
- protists that live primarily by ingesting food, and animal like
- radioactive isotope
- the necleus decays, giving off particles and energy. Can harm living organisms by damaging cellular molecules
- proteins
- a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
- starch
- consists of many glucose monomers strung together--plants store starch in granules
- systematics
- the study of diversity and relationships of organisms, both past and present
- isotonic
- solutions of equal solute concentration
- conservation of energy
- States that it is not possible to destroy or create energy
- fermentation
- the anaerobic (withouth oxygen) harvest of food energy
- cell theory
- composed in mid 1800's--the induction that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells arise from previously existing cells
- green aglae
- unicellular-have grass-green chloroplasts
- atomic number
- number of protons in an atom--determines which element it is
- psuedopodia
- most species move and feed by this which is the temporary extension of the cell
- osmosis
- passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- elements
- substances that cannot be broken down anymore
- use of carbs in animals
- primary source of dietary energy
- subatomic particles
- proton, electron, neutron
- redux reactions
- chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another substance
- enzymes
- specialized proteins the speed up chemical reactions
- electron
- a subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge
- fiber or roughage
- cellulose in plant foods which passes unchanged through our digestive tract and remains undigested
- oxidation
- the loss of electrons during a redux reaction
- plasma membrane
- thin outer membrane which regulates the traffic of molecules between the cells and their surroundings
- wavelength
- distance between the crests of two adjacent waves
- chemoautotrophs
- prokaryotes that need only CO2 as a carbon source and extract energy from certain inorganic substances
- photoautotrophs
- photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that harness light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2
- isotopes
- same elements in different forms. same number of protons and electrons but different neutrons (they differ in mass)
- reactants
- left of the arrow
- protists
- are eukaryotic diverse creatures. Refers to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
- dinoflagellates
- abundant in aquatic pastures of photoplankton
- affects of steroids
- serious mental and physical damage, roid rage, depression, liver damage, high cholesterol, shrunked testicles, and reduced sex drive
- compounds
- substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio
- hypertonic
- solution with a higher concentration of solute
- spirochetes
- curved or spiral shaped bacteria
- ingredients for photosynthesis
- carbon dioxide and water
- Plasmodial slime molds
- named for their feeding stage in their life cycle
- sugar-phosphate backbone
- repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate, with the bases hanging off the backbone like appendages
- Mass
- a measure of the amount of material in an object
- bacilli
- rod- shaped bacteria
- hydrophilic
- carbs that are water loving--hydrophilic molecules adhere water to their surface...although polysac. dont dissolve in water mono and disacc. do
- chemoheterotrophs
- must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon
- hyphae
- fungi are constructed of these structures--they are minute threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane and call wall.
- entropy
- a measure of disorder of randomness
- Nucleic acids
- information storage molecules that provide the directions for building proteins. Two types--DNA and RNA
- plasmodium
- parasite that causes malaria
- cytosol
- fluid that suspends various organelles
- grana
- the chloroplast's solar power packs, that actually trap light energy and conver it to chemical energy
- calorie
- the amount of energy that can raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius--tiny units of energy
- photons
- a fixed quantity of light energy
- active site
- special region of an enzyme--has a shape and chemistry that fits it to the substrate molecule
- sunlight
- type of energy called radiation
- monosaccharides
- simple sugars, including glucose and fructose
- flagellates
- protozoans that move by means of one or more flagella
- facilitated diffusion
- specific transport proteins that act as selective corriders
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate--organic molecule. Triphosphate provides energy for cellular work
- binary fission
- cells copy their DNA and divide again and again
- how old is the earth
- 4.6 billion years old
- trace elements
- required in only very small amounts
- heat
- kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules. Friction creates heat. Energy of aimless molecular movement
- cytoplasm
- the entire region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane is called this
- Transmission electron microscope
- (TEM) useful for exploring the internal structure of a cell
- equation for glucose during cellular respiration
- C6H12O6 (glucose)+ 6O2(oxygen)---> 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) + ATP( energy)
- osmoreregulation
- the control of water balance
- passive transit
- diffusion across a membrane--the cell does not expend any energy for it to happen but the membrane is selectively permeable...how water passes
- glycogen
- animals store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide called this.
- substrate
- the specificity is based on the enzyme to recognize the shape of a certain reactant molecule
- fats
- Lipids consisting largely of molecules of triglyceride
- mitochondria
- are the sites of cellular respiration which harvest energy and converts it to another form of chemical energy called ATP (found in almost all eukaryotic cells)
- endotoxins
- no cell secretions but are chemical components of the cell walls of certain bacterias
- DNA
- Nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic material that humans and other organisms inherit from their parents consists of giant molecules of this
- symbiosis
- a close association between organisms of two or more species (living together)
- seaweed
- large, multicellular marine algae. Slimy and rubbery cell walls
- mutualism
- symbiosis that benefits both species
- denaturation of the protein
- change in temperature, pH, or something else can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape.
- anabolic steroids
- synthetic variations of testosterone, the male sex hormone. builds up muscle fats and enhances perormance
- first life forms
- prokaryotes. 3.5 billion year old fossils--eukaryotes about 2.2 billion years old
- plant cell and solute concentration
- -Isotonic: wilts so bad -Hypotonic: firm healthiest -Hypertonic: shrivels so bad
- triglyceride
- made of a glycerol molecule joinded with three fatty acid molecules
- photoheterotrophs
- prokaryotes that can use light to generate ATP but must obtain their carbon in organic form
- diatoms
- have glassy cell walls containing silica, the mineral used to make glass
- use of carbs in plants
- a building material to form the plant body
- three domain system
- two domains of prokaryotes-bacteria and archaea- and one domain of eukaryotes-eukarya
- light microscope
- visible light is projected through the specimen. glass lenses then enlarge the image and project it into a human eye or a camera
- matter
- anything the occupies space and has mass
- RNA
- nucleic acid that help make the translation of "protein language"
- cell wall
- plant cells have protective cell wall outside of plasma membrane BUT NOT animal cells
- lichens
- symbiotic associations of fungi and algae
- rule of diffusion
- a substance will diffuse from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated--tends to diffuse down its concentration gradient
- proton
- a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge
- electron microscope
- uses a beam of electrons to resolve objects
- amoabas
- characterized by great flexibility and the ansence of permanent locomotor organelles
- cocci
- spherical bacteria
- diffusion
- tendency of molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
- magnefication
- increase in the objects apparent size compared to its actual size
- four categories of large molecules in cells
- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- fungi
- eukaryotes, multicellular, acquire their nutrients by absorbtion
- polypeptide
- proteins usually consist of 100 or more amino acids, forming this chain
- where are chloroplasts
- interior cells of leaves
- endosymbiosis
- one species living inside another host species
- plankton
- communities of organisms that drift or swim weakly near the surfaces of ponds, likes, and oceans
- taxonomy
- identification, naming, and classification of species
- three major compartments of chloroplasts
- 1) the space between the two membranes that envelop the chloroplasts 2) The Stroma-the thick fluid within the chloroplast 3)suspended in the stroma, the interior of a network of membrane-enclosed tubes and disks form the third compartment
- unsaturated fats
- fewer than the maximum number of hydrgens at the location of the double bond
- polysaccarides
- complex carbs. long chains of sugar units (polymers of monosaccarides
- matrix
- envelope of two membranes that encloses the mitochondrion which contains this thick fluid
- lipids
- lipids are hydrophobic so they do not mix with water
- activation energy
- molecules absorb energy from their surrounding and it activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction
- disacaccaride
- double sugar--composed of two monosaccarides through a dehydration reaction
- atherosclerosis
- lipid-containing deposits called plaque build up within the walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of heart attacks
- equation of photosynthesis
- 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (Water) --(photosynthesis, light energy)--> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen gas)
- nucleus
- the membrane-enclosed organelle the contains DNA
- phylogenetic trees
- hypotheses about evolutionary history
- first part of the binomial
- genus to which species belongs
- algae
- unicellular photosynthetic protists
- scanning electron microscope
- (SEM) biologist use to study to detailed architecture of the surface of the cell
- endospores
- some bacteria can survive extended periods of very harsh conditions by forming these specialized resting cells