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- Johnathan Edwards
- wrote of nature as a representaion of spiritual truth and was considered a new world genius
- Symbol- the boxcar
- represents the ever moving Joad family and a safe haven,
- Symbol- rose bush
- refrences endurence, contrast to the "black flower of civilized society", last thing people see before going into the jail
- Origin Myths
- myths that explore origins of earthly life (ex: The Earth of the Turtle's Back, When Grizzles Walked Upright)
- Hester Prynne's occupation
- seamstress
- Symbol- Weedpatch
- reprsents the idea of community and Steinbeck's view of what could be if people worked together instead of competing
- Ways Steinbeck tries to reform
- watchdog for society, expresses love for all people and respect for manual labor, deep connection to agrarian society, faith in the common people
- Reasons for Climate of Fear in the Crucible
- anxiety, personal hardships, and town pulling away from vilage
- Setting of a Lesson before Dying
- Bayone, Louisiana, 1940's
- The Groups of people who founded American literature
- Puritans, Southerners and Planters, Native Americans, Slaves
- author of the Crucible
- Arthur Miller
- What are always built in a new colony
- jail and cemetary
- Edward Taylor
- (1642-1729) Puritan minister considered to be the most gifted and complex writer before Emerson and Whitman, wrote Huswifery
- Symbol- Jim Casey's death
- represents crucifiction, sacrifice, calls people to live in harmony
- Threads of Influence in 19th Century America
- Aboloshionism, Romanticism, Feminism, Industrialism, and Trancendentalism
- Anne Bradstreet
- published the first wolume of poems by an America (The Tenth Muse Sprung up in America), wrote To My Dear and Loving Husband, which uses a heroic cuplet
- Symbol- Rose of Sharon
- represents the love of one's fellow man which trancends blood lines
- How long did Puritism last
- 100 years
- John Smith
- (1580-1631) the first to succesfully attempt to settle America, tried to dispel European myths about America in The General History
- Symbol- the turtle
- represents slow change and the need to keep moving
- Puritan/Southen Influence Today
- emphasis on examining and purifying one's feelings, plainness in poetry and pros, vision of American as on a divine mission, southern ideal of public service, southen closness to the land
- Themes of the Crucible
- it is more important to die with dignity that it is to compromise one's principles to live, people who claim to be pious may be hypocrites, fear and suspicion are infectious and can produce a state of hysteria that results in destruction of public order and rationality
- "The Black Man"
- the devil
- who was with Bellingham in his garden
- Chillingworth and Dimmsdale
- William Bradford
- (1590-1657) Felt America was a "divinely guided nation that had fallen short of it's promise, wrote Of Plymouth Plantation
- Symbol- Pearl
- the sin of Hester and Dimmesdale, the spirit and passion that created the sin, the scarlet letter endowed with life
- Europe explored for 2 reasons
- to aquire wealth through earthly riches, to find freedom from religious persecution, to find father trade routes
- Myth
- fictional tale expaining actions of gods/heros or cause of natural phenomena, express central values of people like customs and religions
- Tragic flaws of Dimmesdale
- fear, poor judgement, hypocricy
- First book published in America
- 1640-The Bay Pslam Book (a hymnal)
- Themes from a Lesson Before Dying
- manhood from men of color, breakdown and personal relationships as a result of social pressures, bistory and folklore of a distant past, illustrates the 30 years before the civil rights era
- Tragic flaws of Chillingworth
- jealosy, hatred, obsession, vengence, selfishness
- When was G.o.W published?
- 1939
- Author of Grapes of Wrath
- John Steinbeck
- what grew by the prison door
- a rose bush
- The governor in The Scarlet Letter
- Governor Bellingham
- Puritan Plain Style
- short words, direct statements, ordinary objects refrenced, practical, useful, purpose to serve God, appeal to sense or emotion is dangerous
- Tragic flaws of Hester
- beauty, passion, stubborn, secretive
- Symbol- the tractor
- represents inhumane land owners
- Theme of G.o.W.
- people belong together and are a part of one another and of a greater soul that trancends momentary reality
- Huswifery
- by Edward Taylor, compares household task of making cloth to the gift of God's salvation, uses an extended metaphor: transformation of wool into clothes compared to an imperfect individual's change into glorious servant of God
- William Cullen Bryant's views of death in Thanatopsis
- nature brings comfort and joy to those who love it, when facing death nature is a teacher, all people return to the earth after death and become a part of its elements, when you die you are in good company, the dead outnumber the living, everyone will share your destiny in death, death is a natural process that should be accepted peacefully
- William Byrd
- typified Virginia planters, wrote The History of the Dividing Line which describes the early American frontier
- 16th century literature consisted of
- poems and pamphlets which advertised the New World
- Purtican Work Ethic
- good can be accomplished only through continual hard work and self discipline
- Exploration Narratives
- first hand account of an explores travels (ex: A Journey Through Texas, Boulders Taller Than the Great Tower of Seville)
- Bellingham's witch sister
- Misstress Hibbins
- William Cullen Byrant
- editor of the NY Evening Post newspaper, abolisionist/feminist, wrote Thanatopsis, "father of american poetry"
- Slave Narratives
- autobiographical account of life as a slave (ex: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano)
- Beliefs of the Puritans
- valued plainness (especially in religion), believed life new world was a divine misson ordained by God, searched souls regularly for signs of grace, belief in predestination, Puritan Work Ethic
- Author of a Lesson before Dying
- Ernest J Gaines
- Auhtor of The Scarlet Letter
- Nathiel Hawthorne
- Trancendentalism
- main belief- unity of the world and God seen when people commit to doing for others through humanitarian efforts, God, nature, and humanity are united in a shared universal or "over soul"
- Legend
- a traditional story that usually deals with a particular powerful person, often reflects cultural values (ex: Diamond Island)
- Meanings of the letter A
- adultrey, able, angel, anguished, accusation, acceptance, alone, affirmation, afliction