EARTH SCIENCE MIDTERM 05
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- inference
- interpretation based on observations
- classification
- grouping objects w/ similar observed properties
- mass
- amount of matter in an object
- volume
- amount of space an object takes up
- percent deviation/percent error formula
-
percent deviation=
difference from accepted value
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accept value
TIMES: 100 - density
- the concentration of matter in an object
- float or sink: density is less than the density of a liquid
- float
- float or sink: density is more than the density of a liquid
- sink
- the lower the density, the ___ it floats
- higher
- if an object and a lidquid have exactly the same density..
- the object can remain stationary anywhere in the liquid
- what happens to the density of something whos temperature rises and whos pressure remains the same?
- density decreases
- explain this
- molecules come closer together
- what happens to the density if pressure increases?
- the density increases
- in what phase is the density of a substance the largest?
- solid
- what is the exception?
- water-hgihest density at liquid state
- why does ice float on liquid wate?
- bc water has its highest density at liquid
- at what temp is water densest?
- 4 degrees celcius
- rate of change formula
-
change in field value
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change in time - examples of cyclic changes
-
movement of stars, moon, planets, sun
number of sunspots
tides
seasonal events
water and rock cycles - interface
- the boundary between different regions with different properties
- dynamic equilibrium
- environmental equilibrium resulting from opposing forces or actions balancing out
- name some natural pollutants
-
pollen in the air
volcanic dust and smoke
x-rays from radioactive decay - what are evidences of earths spherical shape?
-
1. photographs taken from space
2. the way ships appear to sink as they travel past the horizon
3. the similarity of strength of gravity at sea level all over earths surface
4. circular shadow of earth on earths moon during lunar eclipse - 3 spheres of the earth
-
atmosphere
hydrosphere
lithosphere - spheres in order from most dense to least dense
-
lithosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere - atmps[here
- the layer of gases that surrounds Earth above the surface of liquid water and rocky material
- zones of the atmpshere
- troposphere, stratosphere, mesoshere, and thermosphere
- pauses
- the interfaces, or boundaries, of the layers of earths atmosphere
- hydrosphere
- the layer of liquid water that lies between the atmosphere and much of the upper layer of earths interior. consists of oceans and other bodies of water
- lithosphere
- layer of rock that forms the solid outer shell at the top of earths interior
- spheres of earth from thinnest to thickest
- hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmopshere
- what two elements make up most of earths hydrosphere
-
1. hydrogen (most)
2. oxygen - what does increasing latitude mean?
- moving away from the equator or towards the geographic poles
- what does decreasing latitude mean
- moving towards the equator or away from the geographic poles
- meridians
- longitude lines
- altitude of polaris equals
- latitude in the northern hemisphere
- local noon
- when the sun reaches its highest altitude of the day in the sky
- how fast does earth rotate
- 15 degrees per hour
- in what direction does earth rotate
- west to east
- where is polaris located
- over earths axis of rotation
- field
- any region of space or the environment that has some measurable value of a given quantity at every point
- ISOLINES
- LINES used to connect points of equal field values
- isotherms
- connect points of equal temperature
- isobars
- connect points of equal air pressure
- contour lines
- connect points of equal elevation
- gradident
-
the rate of change from place to place within the field value
also called slope - gradient formula
-
change in field value
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change in distance - topograhpic map[
- contour map-model of the elevation field of the surface of earth
- elevation
- distance or height above sea level
- ways to tell which way a stream is flowing
-
opposite the bends of the contour lines
flow to lower elevation - as depth within earths interior increases, the density, temp, and pressure
- increase
- measurements taken with gravity meters would probably be most useful in providing information concerning earths
- shape
- celestial object
- any object outside or above earths atmosphere
- universe
- anything that exists in any place
- big bang theory
- sttates that all matter and energy started out concentrated in a small area and, after a gigantic explosion, matter began to organize into aubatomic particles and atoms, and earth continues to expand
- evidences of the big bang
-
1. long-wavelength background radiation coming from all directions in the universe
2. stars emit radiation-redshift-universe is expanding - doppler effect
- shifting of wavelengths either to shorter (blue end) or longer (red end)
- red shift
- electromagnetic wavelengths spread out when earth and some other celestial object are moving apart
- blue end
- short wavelengths..moving closer
- red
- longer wavelengths..moving farther
- lines in between red and blue
- not moving toward or away from earth
- how old is the universe
- between 10 and 20 billion yrs old
- galaxy
- collection of billions of stars
- nuclear fusion
- combining of the nuclei of smaller elements to form the nuclei of larger elements with some of the mass being converted into energy
- as size and temp. of stars increase
- luminosity increases
- coolest stars of main sequence stars
- red dwarf
- giant stars
- big and low tempetature
- super giant
- usually explode in a supernova
- the super fiant stars that are the brightest and exhibit the highest temperature
- blue super giants
- what stars are bigger than the sun
- super giants
- white dwargs
-
small
hot
low luminosity - black dwarfs
- when white dwarf cools and no longer emits electromagnetic energy-"dead"
- the evolutionary states of stars-after they spend most of their lives as main sequence star-depends upon...
- their original mass
- evolutionary stages of stars
-
1. Gas and dust clouds form stars
2. Main sequence
3. red giant or super giant
4. LOW MASS=white dwarf-->black dwarf
HIGH MASS=supernova
5. supernova-HIGH MASS=neutron star
LOW MASS=black hole - the sun's energy is most likely the result of the
- fusion of hydrogen atoms
- as star color changes from blue to red, the surface temp. of the star..
- decreases
- star of high temp and low luminosity
- white dwarf
- asteroid
-
a solid rocky and/or metallic body that independently orbits the sun
has no atmosphere - comet
-
composed of solids that asily change to gas when heated
when they get near the sun, their ices turn to gas
sometimes the solids released and the tails are visible from earths sky - meteroids
-
small solid fragment that orbit the sun
w - meteors
- when meteroids burn up or vaporize, they leabe a brief visual streak as they pass through earths atmosphere and are called meteors
- impact crater
- depression in earths crust from meteorites that have sufficent mass to create it
- when did our solar system start
- about 5 billion yrs ago
- how did our solar system form?
-
gas cloud
gravitation perhaps aided by shock wave from exploding star, caused the cloud to condense into one or more mass concentrations. - impact event
- the gravitational forces of earth and other planets pulled on the smaller clumps of matter to cause comets, asteroids, and meteroids to collide with the planets in what is called an impact event
- what star is not included in our solar system?
- polaris
- what objects are condiered part of our solar system?
- objects that revolve around the sun
- compare the diameters of the planets
-
mercury venus earth mars
small-->bigger-->about same-->smaller
jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto
bigger-->smaller-->smaller-->about the same-->very small - terrestrial planets
-
close to the sun and mostly solid
small diameters and high densities
impact craters
few or no moons and no rings - what are the terrestrial planets?
- earth, mercury, venus, earth, and mars
- jovian planets
-
far from the sun
gaseous
large diameters and low densities
no solid serfaces and no craters
have many moons and have rings - what are the jovian planets?
- jupiter, saturn, uranus, and neptune
- ellispe
- oval shape that the planets' orbits are in
- eccentricity formula
-
distance between foci
---------------------
length of the major axis - foci
- two fixed points on the ellipse
- eccentricity
- the ovalness of an ellipse
- what would the orbits of the planets look like to the human eye?
- a circle
- inertia
- an object at rest will tend to remain at rest, and an object in motion will maintain the direction and speed of that motion unless an opposing force affects it
- gravitation
- the attractive force that exists between any two objects in teh universe
- the greater the mass..(gravity)
- the more gravitational attraction there is between objects
- the greater the distance...(gravity)
- the less gravitiational attraction
- what is an example of dynamic equilibriumbetween inertia and gravitation?
- orbit of a planet around the sun
- when does a planets orbital velocity increase?
- when it gets closer to the sun
- the closer a planet is to the sun...
- the shorter its period of revolution and the faster its speed of revolution
- where are the most circular planets?
- closer to the sun
- which two planets orbits would not look like a circle to the human eye
- mercury and pluto
- geocentric model
- earth centered model
- helliocentric model
- earth and planets rotates around sun
- how is earths axis tilited
- 231/2degrees
- what are evidences of earths roation?
-
1. foucault pendulum-when it is allowed to swing freely, its pth will appear to change in a predictable way
2. coriolis effect-tendency of all particles of matter moving at earths surface to be deflected, or curved away from a straight-line path, to the right in the northern hemisphere nd to the left in the southern hemisphere - evidence of earths revolution
-
1. if the earth did not revolve, the same part of earth would tilt toward the sun at all times and the seasons would always stay the same
2. there are different constellations in different seasons
3. slight changes in doppler effect of stars-movement to and away from stars cause slight blue and red shifting - local time
- time based on rotation
- on which side of the international dateline is it a day later?
- west
- solar time
- based on the actual motions of the sun in the sky
- mean solar time
- time on the watch at noon
- what is the period of the moons orbit?
- 27 1/3 days
- warmer fluid=
- lower density
- all energy of an object or system not related to the individual motions of atoms and molecules
- mechanical energy
- specific heat
- the quantity of heat needed to raise the temp. of one gram of any substance one degree celcius
- temp.
- the measure of the average kinttic energy of the particles of a body of matter
- angle of suns rays at noon one dec. 21
- 24.5
- angle of suns rays at noon on march 21 and sept. 23
- 48 degrees
- el nino
- warming of cold waters in the eastern pacific ocean off western south america
- sunspot
- a darker region of the sun's visible surface