JOURNALISM FINAL 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What are the main booksellers?
-
Book clubs
mail order
book superstores
online bookstores
independent bookstores - What are the 4 jobs of publishing houses
-
Acquisitions and development
copyediting, design, and production
marketing and sales
administration and business - Who is in charge of acquisitions and development?
- acquisitions manager, deveopmental manager
- Who is in charge of copyediting, design, and production
-
copy editor
design manager - What are the types of books?
-
trade books
professional books
textbooks
mass-market paperbacks
religious books
reference books
university press books - Hardbound and paperback books aimed at general readers and sold at various retail outlets
- Trade books
- Target various occupational groups and are not intended fo the general consumer market
- professional books
- Give some examples of textbooks
- el-hi, Vocational education, college texts
- Books directly related to particular professions or trade
- reference books
- Give some examples of reference books
- dictionary, encyclopedias, atlases
- Scholarly works for small groups of readers intrested in specialized areas
- University press books
- What are the consequences of concentrated ownership in the book industry
-
Demise of independent publishers and booksellers
Emphasis on blockbusters and best-sellers
Avoidance of unconventional books - What was the function of newspapers and magazines pre-industrialization
- political commentary
- What was the function of newspapers and magazines post-industrialization
- news and entertainment
- What are the social backgrounds for the development of magazines as a mass medium
-
lower postage rate
rail transportation
innovation in production technology
successful general education - Characteristics of general-interest magazines in 1920s-1920s
-
Saturday Evening Post
Reader's Digest
Time
Life (1936) and Look (1937) - How many American families read at least 1 magazine either through subscription or purchase on a regular basis?
- more than 80%
- How many American get a single-copy purchase of a magazine
- 16%
- How many Americans get a subscription to a magazine
- 84%
- Who are the heaviest readers of magazines
- People of age 18-24 and over 65
- What are the characteristics of people who read magazines
- Income over 40,000 w/ a college education
- What is the average amount of time spent reading magazines each day
- 46 minutes/day
- The Social Impacts of magazines
- Elite magazines shape public opinions by appealing to opinion leaders AND harmful influence on men and women's body perceptions
- How did muckrakers pursue social reform?
- They exposed slums, sweathshops, prostitution, political corruption, etc.
- What are some examples of social reform that the muckrakers achieved
- The Antitrust law, improved urban housing, the Pure food and drugs act, etc.
- Why and when did the muckraking period end
- The public eventually got tired of the nonstop attacks and it ended w/ the embarking of WWI
- What was Ida M. Tarbell responsible for
- He spent 5 years investigating and exposing the corruption that existed at Standard Oil Company
- What was the result of success of television as a mass medium
- It cut the advertising revenues of magazines
- W/ the success of television, what happened to magazines
- General interest magazines were the most adversely affected and many of them closed
- After television, what happened to the majority of magazines
- They are specialized
- Give some examples of news magazines and what are they
-
Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report
Interpretive journalism - Types of magazines
-
consumer magazines
trade/business magazines
institutional magazines
online magazines - The number of new magazines appearing each year is
- increasing
- What types of magazines are the most rapidly increasing
- sex and sports
- How many magazines survive for more than 10 years
- 1 out of 5
- What is the revenue source for advertising and subscription
-
Advertising-50%
Subscription-50% - What is mass media
- Media that mediate one-to-many communication
- Changing nature of the internet
-
Near monopoly of the Windows operating system
Server privatization
ISP: AT and T, AOL Time Warner
Web-browser software: Internet explorer
Promotion of sponsored Websites on search engines
Commercialization of URL regulation - What is the criteria to evaluate the credibility of information on the WWW
-
Quality of the content
Domain name: .edu,.org,.com
Interface design
commercial intention
contact information
others' recommendations - What is the displacement effect of the Internet
- increased Internet use results in decreased physical activity, television watching, interaction w/ family, communication w/ family, loneliness and size of the social circle and increased time spent alone, important of TV as a source of entertainment and depression and loneliness. There is no impact on the importance of newspapers as a source of information
- What are 2 ways to express freedom on the internet
-
gripe sites
weblogs - Websites designed to counter or challenege another person or organization
- gripe sites
- Web journalis that comments on the news or other topics of interest
- Weblogs
- Development and control of the Internet
- U.S. Military-National Science Foundation-ICANN-Commercial companies
- A type of Web document that has links to other document
- Hypertext
- What is the digital divide
- Growing contrast between "information haves" and "information Have-nots" based on their income, race, parental education, and geographical location
- New York Weekly Journal (1733): John Peter Zenger
- Peter Zenger was arrested for seditious libel in 1734 but eventually won the case based on the court decision that newspapers have the right to criticize government leaders as long as the reports are true
- First newspaper published in the U.S.
- Public Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick (1690)
- First daily published in the U.S.
- Boston News-Letter (1704)
- First penny press newspaper
- New York Sun (1833)
- Developmental stages of newspapers in the US
- Partisan Press and Commercial Press-Penny Press-Sensationalism and Objectivism-Interpretive journalism
- Characteristics of penny press
-
Separation of the front page reporting from editoritals
Revenue source: advertising and sales
Assign reporters to cover a certain event or story
Heavy dependence on newsstand sales
Use of newswire services - Characteristics of the NY Times
-
Published by Adolph Ochs
Documented major issues and events
Differentiation using substantial news coverage and serious editorials
Started 6 cents and then lowered the price to 1 cent to appeal to middle class readers - What was the impact of the emergence of radio
- Newspapers developed interpretive journalism
- What was the impact of the emergence of network TV
- newspapers switched their publication schedule from evening to morning and focused on local advertising markets
- Impact of the emergence of cable TV
- cutback on TV news staff
- Development of network television news
-
NBC (1950s-60s): Camel News Caravan, Huntley-Brinkley Report
CBS (1970s): Evening News with Walter Cronkite, Dan Rather
ABC (1980s-90s): World News Tonight w Peter Jennings - Why did news magazines become popular
- B/c of the 1975 limitation on non-news program during prime time and the cheap production cost
- What network is 60 Minutes and 60 Minutes II on?
- CBS
- What network is 20/20 and Primtime Live on?
- ABC
- What network is Dateline on?
- NBC
- When was the Second World War
- 1941-1945
- When is the Vietnam War
- 1964-1975
- When is the Gulf War
- 1991
- When was Afghanistan
- 2001
- What is the social responsibility model of journalism
-
ownership: private
serve: public
priority: social progress
Government regulation: medium
American Broadcast media
Regard the mass media as the fourth estate that monitors the legislative, judiciary, and executive branches of the government - Current trends in the newspaper industry
-
Heavy dependence on wire services and feature syndicates
Increasing chain ownership
Cross-media ownership between local television stations and newspapers
Decline in newspaper readership: Joint Operating Agreement (JOA)
Influence of television news: Abundant use of graphics and photos and shorter story length. EX: USA TODAY - News values
-
timeliness
proximity
conflict
prominence
human interest
consequence
usefulness
novelty
deviance - Events just happened or related w/ current interest
- timeliness
- events that occur close by to readers or vieweres
- proximity
- stories that involve 2 opposite parties
- conflict
- stories featuring powerful or influential people
- prominence
- extraordinary incidents of ordinary people
- human interest
- significant impacts on a majority of audiences
- consequence
- stories w/ a practical use
- usefulness
- events happening outside the routine of daily life
- novelty
- events that seriously violate social norms
- deviance
- Inverted pyramid news format
-
1. Most important, newsworthy, or dramatic information, the 5 Ws
2. Key quotes, supporting evidence and details
3. Supporting facts and explanations
4. Supporting quotes and alternative explanations
5. Least important details - Composition of newspaper space
-
50-65% advertisements
20-30% wire services and feature syndicates
20-30% articles written by the staff reporter