Pysch Ch. 6
Terms
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- awareness of ourselves and our environment
- consciousness
- the ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of all others
- selective attention
- a relatively passive state of waking consciousness that involves turning attention away from external stimuli to internal thought and imaginary situation
- daydreaming
- a person who has regular, vivid fantasies and who sometimes cnanot separate fantasy from reality
- fantasy-prone personality
- a nonwaking state of consciousness characterized by minimal physicla movemetn and minimal responsiveness to one's surroundings
- sleep
- internally generated behavioral and physiological changes that occur on a daily basis
- circadian rhythms
- very fast, low-amplitude brain waves associated with an active, alert state of mind
- beta waves
- fast, low-amplitude brain waves associated with a relaxed, wakeful state
- alpha waves
- irregular, low-amplitude brain waves associated with stage 1 sleep
- theta waves
- bursts of rapid, rhythmic electrical activity in the brain characteristic of stage 2 sleep
- sleep spindles
- slow, high-amplitude brain waves most typical of stage 4 deep sleep
- delta waves
- a relatively active phase in the sleep cycle, characterized by rapid eye movements, in which dreaming occurs
- REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
- storylike sequences of vivid visual images experienced during sleep
- dreams
- dreams in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming and is often able to change the plot of the dream
- lucid dreams
- the dream that is remembered by the dreamer
- manifest content
- the true meaning of the dream that is concealed from the dreamer through the symbols that make up the manifest dream content
- latent content
- a theory taht dreams provide people with the opportunity to creatively solve their everyday problems
- problem-solving theory
- a theory that the cognitive process of dreaming consolidates and stores information gathered during the day, thus allowing us to maintain a smaller and more efficient brain
- off-line dream theory
- a theory that dreaming is a by-product of random brain activity, which the forebrain weaves into a somewhat logical story
- activation-synthesis theory
- a awareness of oneself and one's environment that is noticeably different from the normal state of consciousness
- altered state of consciousness
- a psychological state of altered attention and awareness in which a person is unusually receptive to suggestions
- hypnosis
- the degree to which a person can enter a deep hypnotic state
- hypnotizability
- a theory that hypnotized persons enter an altered state in which two streams of consciousness operate simultaneously, one actively responding to suggestions and the other passively observing what is going on
- neodissociation theory
- a variety of mental exercises that alter the normal flow of consciousness in order to enhance self-knowledge
- meditation
- chemicals that modify mental processes and behavior
- psychoactive drugs
- persistence in drug use even when impaired behavior or social functioning results
- drug abuse
- an effect of drug abuse in which greater amounts of the drug are necessary to produce the same effect once produced by a smaller dose
- tolerance
- psychoactive drugs that slow down-or depress- the nervous system and decrease mental and physical activity
- depressants
- psychoactive drugs tha speed up- or stimulate- the nervous system and increase mental and physical activity
- stimulants
- psychoactive drugs that distort perception and generate sensory images wi thout any external stimulation
- hallucinogens
- the occurrence of tolerance and physical dependence due to the prolonged abuse of alcohol
- alcoholism
- a category of depressant drugs, including opium, morphine, and heroin, that depress the nervous system, temporarily relieve pain, and produce a relaxed, dreamlike state
- opiates
- the most potent of the hallucinogens, which is synthesized an dinduces hallucinations, distortions, and a blending of sensory experiences
- LSD
- a mild hallucinogen derived from the leafy material of the hemp, or Cannabis, plant that often induces a sense of giddiness or euphoria, as well as a heightened sensitivity to various stimuli
- marijuana
- the major p sychoactive ingredient in marijuana
- THC
- a sleep disorder involving panic attacks that occur during early night stage 4 NREM sleep
- night terrors
- a leep disorder in which a person arised and wanders about while remaining asleep
- sleepwalking
- a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable REM sleep attacks during normal waking hours
- narcolepsy
- a sleep disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
- sleep apnea
- a common sleep disorder involving the chronic inablity to fall or stay asleep
- insomnia
- in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response (cr)
- in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response
- conditioned stimulus
- the initial stae of classical conditioning, during which a previously neutral stimulus begins to acquired the ability to elict a conditioned response
- acquisition
- a classical conditioning procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an existing conditioned stimulus
- higher-order conditioning
- in classical conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
- stimulus generalization
- in classical conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response not to be elicied by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
- stimulus discrimination
- in classical conditioning, the gradual weakening and disappearance of teh conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeartedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
- extinction
- the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
- spontaneous recovery
- a basic principle of learning that states that behavior becomes more or less likely based on the effect it has in producing desirable or undesirable consequences
- law of effect
- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment
- operant conditioning
- the process by which a stimulus increases the probablility of the behavor that it follows
- reinforcement
- any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will be repeated
- reinforcer
- stimuli that are innately reinforcing because they satisfy some biological need
- primary reinforcers
- stimuli that are learned and become reinforcing by being associated with primary reinforcers
- secondary reinforcers
- stimuli that strengthen a response by presenting a positive stimulus after a response
- positive reinforcers
- stimuli that strengthen a rsponse by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus after a response
- negative reinforcers
- a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct reponse is followed by a reinforcer
- continuous reinforcement
- a schedule of reinforcement in which correct responses are followed by reinforcers only part of the time
- partial reinforcement
- partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce a response after a specified number of nonreinforce response
- fixed-ratio schedule
- partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce a response after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
- variable-ratio schedules
- partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed
- fixed-interval schedules
- partial reinforcement schedules that niforce the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
- variable-interval schedules
- in operant conditioning, the process of teaching a new behavior by reinforceing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior
- shaping (or the method of successive approximations)
- the process by which a stimulus decreases the probability of the behavior that if follows
- punishment
- species-specific behavior patterns that interfere with operant conditioning
- instinctive drift
- learning that occorus without apparent reinforcement and in no demonstrated until sufficient reinforcement is provided
- latent learning
- the passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to aversive e vents that connot be avoided
- learned helplessness
- learning a behavior by observing and imitating the behavior or others (models)
- observational learning
- a theory that contends that people learn social behaviors mainly through observation and cognitive processing of information
- social learnign theory
- the process by which one learns the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else
- vicarious conditioning