Progressive Era
1901-1916
Terms
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- "rule of reason"
- only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal ;; ripped hole in gov't antitrust net
- Charles Evans Hughes
- NY gov'r ;; investigations of gas & insurance companies
- Gifford Pinchot
- head of federal Division of Forestry
- Adamson Act of 1916
- 8-hr work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce w/ extra pay for overtime
- initiative
- directly propose legislation
- Federal Reserve Act
- 1913 created Federal Reserve Board (oversaw nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with own bank & power to issue paper money aka "Federal Reserve Notes")
- Underwood Tariff Bill of 1913
- reduced import fees & enacted graduated income tax ;; under 16th Amendment's authority
- "New Nationalism"
- THEODORE ROOSEVELT ;; gov't should control bad trusts/leave good trusts alone & free to operate ;; campaign for woman suffrage & broad program of social welfare
- recall
- take bad officials off
- Meat Inspection Act
- preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be federally inspected
- Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel
- 1910 Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, Alaska to corporate developement ;; criticized by Chief of Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry Gifford Pinchot ;; Taft fire Pinchot
- Ray Stannard Baker
- Following the Color Line (illiteracy of blacks)
- National Progressive Republican League
- 1911 formed ;; leader was Senator La Follette of Wisconsin
- TR's 3 C's
- control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources
- "New Freedom"
- WOODROW WILSON ;; stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, tariff reduction ;; favored small enterprises, break up ALL trusts, shunned social welfare proposals, *fragmentation of big industrial combines by means of enforcement of anti-trust laws
- Jones Act
- 1916 full territorial status to Phillipines & promised independence as soon as stable gov't was established
- Muller vs. Oregon
- 1908 Attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded Supreme Court to accept laws to protect women workers
- Warehouse Act of 1916
- authorized loans on security of staple crops
- "dollar diplomacy"
- Wall Street bankers sluice surplus money into foreign areas of strategic concern, especially in Far East and regions critical to security of Panama Canal
- David G. Phillips
- 75 out of 90 senators didnt represent people but railroads & trusts
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foods & pharmaceuticals ;; let European markets trust American meat
- Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916
- credit available to farmers at low interest rates
- Louis D. Brandeis
- Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It (1914) ;; 1st Jew on Supreme Court
- Payne-Aldrich Bill
- revised tariff ;; Taft betrayed his campaign promises & angered progressive wing of his party
- Newlands Act
- 1902 irrigation projects for western states
- Federal Trade Commission Act
- 1914 lets president appoint commission to turn searchlight on industries in interstate commerce
- referendum
- vote on laws that affect them
- Jack London
- Call of the Wild
- Bureau of Mines
- control mineral resources ;; rescued millions of acres of western coal lands, protected water-power sites from private development
- Bureau of Corporations
- allowed to probe businesses engaging in interstate commerce ;; useful in "trust-busting"
- Carey Act of 1894
- distributed federal land to states that it's irrigated/settled ;; led cultivation of about 1 million barren acres
- Lincoln Steffens
- series of articles in McClure's ;; "Shame of the Cities" (corrupt alliance btwn gov't & big business)
- Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916
- assistance to federal civilservice employees during periods of disability ;; invalidated by Supreme Court
- city-manager system
- take politics out of municipal administration
- Theodore Dreiser
- The Financier ;; The Titan
- triple wall of privilege
- tariff, banks, trusts
- Aldrich-Vreeland Act
- 1908 authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various collateral ;; would lead to Federal Reserve Act
- Northern Securities Company
- organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill
- Desert Land Act of 1877
- federal gov't sold arid land cheaply that purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 yrs.
- Dr. Harvey W. Wiley
- frauds that sold patent medicines
- Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914
- lengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of business practices deemed objectionable (incl. price discrimmination & interlocking directorates) ;; exempted labor unions from being called trusts, legalized strikes & peaceful picketing
- Dr. Woodrow Wilson
- democrat, progressive, president of Princeton, governor of NJ, "new freedom" platform
- Jacob A. Riis
- How the Other Half Lives (NY slums)
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union
- founded by Frances E. Willard and Anti-Saloon League
- Upton Sinclair
- The Jungle
- Henry Demarest Lloyd
- Wealth Against Commonwealth (exposed corruption of Standard Oil Co.)
- John Spargo
- The Bitter Cry of the Children (child labor)
- "New Nationalism"
- urged national gov't to increase its power to solve economic & social abuses
- Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912
- exempted American shipping from tolls (led to protests from Britain) ;; repealed in 1912
- Forest Reserve Act
- 1891 authorized president to set aside land to be protected as national parks ;; some 40 million acres of forest rescued
- Thorstein Veblen
- The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) (criticized new rich)
- Lochner vs. New York
- invalidated NY law for 10-hr day for bakers
- Herbert Croly
- The Promise of American Life (1910) ;; inspired New Nationalism
- Elkins Act
- heavily fined railroads that gave rebates and shippers who accepted them
- Governor Hiram W. Johnson
- regulated railroads & trusts in Oregon and CA
- Governor Robert M. La Follette
- took power from trusts and gave power back to the people
- Progressive Movement
- fought against monopoly, corrupton, inefficiency, social injustice ;; used gov't as agency of human welfare ;; roots in Greenback Labor Party & Populist Party
- Triangle Shirtwaist Company
- 1911 NYC ;; fire burned 146 ppl
- Ida M. Tarbell
- expose against Standard Oil
- Hepburn Act
- restricted free passes of railroads
- La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915
- good conduct & living pay on merchant ships ;; crippled merchant marine as freight rates increased w/ crew's wages
- Roosevelt Dam
- 1911 built on Arizona River