APUSH Unit 10
Terms
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- Jacob Riis
- Reporter for the New York Sun who wrote How the Other Half Lives. Revealed the darkness of the slum areas, and influenced others to promote improvements and reform.
- Booker T. Washington
- African American political leader, educator and author. Helped promote the need for blacks to economically better themselves.
- Tom Johnson
- Progressive who reformed the political process. Reformed public ownership of utilities in Chicago.
- Nelson W. Aldrich
- Senator who led the reactionaries against the lowering of tariffs. Tacked on many upward tariff revisions on the Payne-Aldrich bill making Taft betray his low tariff promise.
- Federal Reserve Act
- Legislation designed to stabilize the currency in the US. It split the US into 12 regions with one Federal bank in each region that could issue money under the authority of the Federal Reserve Board. It gave the government the ability to quickly increase the amount of money in circulation when needed.
- John Muir
- A naturalist and conservationist. Founded the Sierra Club.
- Newlands Reclamation Act
- Authorized the government to collect money from the sale of public land in the west to fund irrigation projects. It gave western lands better soil and insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts.
- Elkins Act
- Fined Railroads who gave rebates and shippers who accepted them. It gave more power than the ICC to regulate the monopolistic railroads.
- Clayton Act
- Lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable and exempted labor unions from being called trusts Displayed the changing attitude towards labor unions.
- Meat Inspection Act; 1906
- Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.
- Jane Addams
- Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses.
- Ida Tarbell
- A female reporter who published an expose on Standard Oil. Revealed the evils of Standard Oil Company.
- W.E.B. DuBois
- African American civil rights activist Created the NAACP.
- Hull House
- Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.
- Theodore Dreiser
- American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.
- Payne-Aldrich Tariff
- Initially a tariff lowering tariff, but became a protective measure when compromises were made in the Senate. Harmed Taft's reputation (broke campaign promise of lower tariffs) and the unity of the Republicans.
- 19th Amendment
- Established that no citizen can be denied the right to vote on account of sex. Granted women the ability to vote.
- Square Deal
- Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Supreme Court case where Homer Plessy sued Louisiana which arrested him since he sat in a whites only section and he was 1/8th black. Officially declared segregation constitutional.
- Hepburn Act
- Prohibited free passes. Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed it to set freight rates and required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.
- Northern Securities Case
- Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.
- Initiative
- Political power that would give the people (majority) to propose legislations. means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance. This would give more power to the people, rather than letting them be at the mercy at the "boss bought legislatures"
- Uncle Joe Cannon
- Republican who served as Speaker of the House from 1903 to 1911 who opposed progressive reforms. and wilson
- McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's
- Cheap 15 cent magazines that most people could obtain. They helped reveal the dirt about trusts, corruption, and other evils.
- John Mitchell
- Famous United States labor leader, and was president of the United Mine Workers from 1898 to 1908. Helped incorporate ethnic workers into the UMW and got an 8 hour day and minimum wage for miners.
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and drugs. It gave consumers protection from dangerous and impure foods
- Recall
- Political power that would give the people (majority) to remove any elected official. This would enable the people to remove corrupted/bribed officials.
- Eastman Kodak
- Large company that produced photographic materials and equipment.
- Australian Ballot
- A new secret ballot that replaced the pre-printed ones. This made the voter's vote known only to him, and countered voting on account of bribes or intimidation.
- Federal Trade Commission
- Investigated the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices. Enabled the government to more easily kill monopolies.
- Birth of a Nation
- Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
- Pujo Committee
- It researched and later reported on the concentration of money and credit over the general populace, which was in the hands of rich capitalists. This committee's findings later led to the creation of the Federal Reserve Banking system.
- Underwood-Simmons tariff
- Tariff reduced the tariffs from the Payne-Aldrich Tariff to about 29% and included a graduated income tax. It was a milestone in tax legislation since it enacted a graduated income tax.
- Wright Brothers
- Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.
- Upton Sinclair
- Writer who wrote The Jungle. While intending to reveal the plight of the worker, he revealed the unsanitary conditions where meat was created, which prompting Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspection Act.
- 18th Amendment
- Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol This amendment is the midpoint of a growing drive towards women's rights as well as showing the moral attitude of the era.
- Frederick Taylor
- an engineer who first integrated scientific management with business. He became foreman of the Midvale Steel Company. He used mathematics to determine maximum industrial productivity, using time and motion studies to find what each worker should for the highest efficiency.
- Women's Christian Temperance Union
- A militant female anti-alcohol organization. Helped influence the passing of the 18th amendment.
- Muckrakers
- Reporters who wrote articles for magazines such as cosmopolitan. They helped reveal the dirt about trusts, corruption, and other evils.
- Robert LaFollette
- Governor of Wisconsin who was a militant progressive. He wrestled control out of the hands of corrupt corporations and perfected a way for regulating public utilities. helped found the National Progressive Republican League, which intended to unseat Taft
- 17th Amendment
- Established that senators were to be elected directly. This law was intended to create a more democratic, fair society.
- Lincoln Steffens
- A writer for McClure's who wrote a series of articles titled The Same of the Cities. He unmasked in his article the alliance between big business and municipal government.
- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
- Affair where Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development and was criticized by Pinchot. Prompted Rooseveltians to protests, splitting Taft and Roosevelt, and the party.
- 16th Amendment
- Authorized the collection of income tax. This made the rich pay their fair share to the government as well as allowing the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 to lower many tariffs
- Philander C. Knox
- Secretary of State under Taft who proposed that bankers buy the Manchurian railroads and give them to China. His idea was rejected by Japan and Russia, and showered Taft with ridicule.
- * Hetch Hetchy
- a glacial valley in Yosemite National Park in California.
- DuPont
- Large company that produced explosive materials such as gunpowder and dynamite.
- Louis D. Brandeis
- Jewish Supreme Court judge nominated by Wilson. Showed that Wilson was a progressive man.
- *Sierra Club
- American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.
- Referendum
- Political power that would give the people (majority) to pass any law they pleased. This would bypass the boss bought state legislature completely.