second psych test
Terms
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- Prodromal phase
- comes before the active phase in Schizophrenia and is marked by an obvious deterioration in role functioning as a student, employee, or homemaker. Change in personality
- Residual phase
- follows the active phase of Schizophrenia. At this point, the most dramatic symptoms of psychosis have improved, but the person continues to be impaired in various ways.
- Positive symptoms
- dimension of Schizophrenic symptoms that include hallucinations and delusions.
- negative symptoms
- dimension of Schizophrenic symptoms that include lack of initiative, social withdrawal, and deficits in emotional responding.
- Hallucinations
- sensory experiences that are not caused by actual external stimuli.
- delusions
- personal beliefs that are firmly held in spite of their absurd nature.
- blunted affect
- flattening or restriction of the person’s nonverbal display of emotional responses.
- Anhedonia
- the inability to experience pleasure.
- Avolition
- lack of will
- Alogia
- poverty of speech
- disorganized speech
- the tendency of some patients to say things that do not make sense. Signs are making irrelevant responses to questions, expressing disconnected ideas, and using words in peculiar ways.
- Inappropriate affect
- improper emotional expression.
- Catatonic type
- characterized by symptoms of motor immobility or excessive and purposeless motor activity.
- Disorganized type
- characterized by disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect.
- Paranoid type
- systematic delusions with persecutory or grandiose content.
- Undifferentiated type
- psychotic symptoms that either meet the criteria for several subtypes or otherwise do not meet the criteria for the catatonic, disorganized or paranoid types.
- Residual type
- patients who no longer meet the criteria for active phase symptoms but nevertheless demonstrate continued signs of negative symptoms or attenuates forms of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
- Expressed emotion (EE):
- concept that refers to a collection of negative attitudes displayed by relatives of patients who are being treated for a disorder. If at least one of the relatives is hostile, critical, or emotionally overinvolved, the family environment is typically considered high in EE.
- Schizotaxia
- theory that states that individuals who are predisposed to schizophrenia inherit a slight neurological defect of unknown form.
- Vulnerability marker
- a specific measure that might be useful in identifying people who are at risk to a disorder.
- Antipsychotic drugs
- drugs used to reduce the severity of, and sometimes eliminate, psychotic symptoms.
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Antipsychotics drugs that are generally more effective than classical antipsychotics in the treatment of negative symptoms.
- Emotion
- state of physiological arousal defined by subjective states of feeling
- affect
- refers to the patter of observable behavior, such as facial expression, that are associated with theses subjective feelings
- Mood
- refers to a persistent and sustained emotional response
- Depressed Mood
- Depressed feelings such as of disappointment and despair, but which is not yet necessarily part of a clinical syndrome.
- Clinical depression
- a depressed mood is accompanied by several other symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of energy, difficulty in sleeping, and changes in appetite. As well as changes in thinking and overt behavior.
- Mania
- disturbance in mood characterized by symptoms such as elation, inflated self-esteem, hyperactivity, and accelerated speaking and thinking. An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being.
- Euphoria
- elated mood
- Mood Disorders
- Broad category of psychopathology that describes depressed and bipolar disorders.
- Dysphoric
- an unpleasant mood
- Somatic symptoms
- symptoms related to basic physiological or bodily functions.
- Psychomotor retardation:
- generalized slowing of physical and emotional reactions
- Hypomania
- episode of increased energy that is not sever enough to qualify as a full-blown manic episode.
- Hypomanic v. manic:
- For hypomanic: symptoms need to be present for a minimum of only 4 days (as opposed to a week) not severe enough to impair social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization.
- Melancholia
- term used to describe a particularly severe type of depression
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- mood disorder associated with changes in season. Symptoms include poor fitness habits and increase in sleep.
- Remission
- period of recovery
- Relapse
- a return of active symptoms in a person who has recovered from a previous episode
- Hopelessness
- a person’s negative expectations about future events and the associated belief that these events cannot be controlled.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):
- most popular antidepressive drug
- Tricyclics (TCAs):
- antidepressive drug used to treat depression but has many side effects
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is):
- antidepressive drug that causes increase in food consumption.
- Unipolar mood disorder
- Person experiences only episodes of depression
- Bipolar Mood Disorder
- Only manic episodes with no evidence of depression
- Analogue study
- studies that focus on behaviors that resemble mental disorders that appear in the natural environment.
- Schema
- the way a person perceives events
- Dissociation
- the disruption of normally integrated mental processes
- Traumatic stress
- events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others
- flashback
- sudden memories during which the trauma is replayed in images or tho
- Two-factor theory
- classical conditioning creates fears when the terror inherent in trauma is paired with the cues associated with the traumatic event.
- Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD
- an early intervention 1-5 days following the trauma.
- Hysteria
- an uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear
- Implicit memory
- changes in behavior due to the memory of a prior event but with nonsonscious remembering of the event.
- Hypnosis
- subjects experience loss of control over their actions in response to suggestions from the hypnotist.
- Recovered memories
- dramatic recollections of long-ago traumatic experiences supposedly blocked from the conscious mind by dissociation
- State-dependent learning
- process where learning that takes place in one state of affect or consciousness is best recalled in the same state of affect or consciousness.
- Iatrogenesis
- the manufacture of the dissociative disorders by their treatment
- Somatoform Disorders
- problems characterized by unusual physical symptoms that occur in the absence of a known illness.
- Malingering
- pretending to have a somatoform disorder in order to achieve some external gain, such as a disability payment.
- Secondary Gain
- belief that symptoms can help a patient avoid responsibility or receive attention.
- Retrospective reports
- current recollections of past experiences