sat patho review
Terms
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- cells that originate from bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells?
- osteoclasts
- bones of the skull, thorax and vertebral column make up ?
- axial skeleton
- bones of the upper and lower extremeties make up?
- the appendicular skeleton
- the humerous, ulna and radius come together to form what joint?
- the elbow
- Bone, cartilage and the hematopoietic system are considered to be what kind of tissue?
- connective tissue
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This vitamin regulates the calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood by promoting their absorption from food in the intestines, and by promoting re-absorption of calcium in the kidneys.
It promotes bone formation and mineralization and is essentia - vitamin D
- vitamin that increases intestinal absorption of calcium and promotes ossification of bones and teeth?
- vitamin D
- the process of bone formation and mineral metabolism is complex and includes the interplay between the actions of 3 main hormones/vitamnins?
- PTH, calcitonin and vitamin D
- undifferentiated cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, that are found in the periosteum, endosteum and epiphyseal growth plate of growing bones?
- osteogenic cells
- bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone, also participate in the calcification of the organic matrix
- osteoblasts
- osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts T/F?
- true. pg 1359
- a malignant cancer of cartilage?
- chondrosarcoma
- a malignant cancer of bone?
- osteosarcoma
- the following are all tumors associated with the hematologic tissue except? myelocytic, multiple myeloma, lymphocytic leukemia, hemangiosarcoma, or meningeal sarcoma?
- hemangiosarcoma
- what are the three types of cartilage?
- elastic, hyaline and fibrocartilage
- what is the most abundant type of cartilage?
- hyaline
- a chronic inflammatory disease that can virtually affect any organ system, including the musculoskeletal, and is know as the great imitator
- SLE. systemic lupus erythematosus
- a disease that appears to have B-cell hyperreactivity and increased production of antibodies against self and nonself antigens.
- SLE
- the most prevalent form of arthritis and is the leading cause of disability and pain in the elderly
- osteoarthritis
- the "wear and tear" arthritis, a slowly destructive disorder of the articular cartilage
- osteoarthritis
- a crystal-induced arthropathy, monosodium urate deposition is found in the joints and is actually a group of diseases known as what syndrome?
- gout
- gout of the foot, but most specially the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. In severe cases the metatarsal-phalangeal and tarsal joints are involved. At these sites there is swelling, redness, heat and tenderness.
- podagra
- chalky, gritty accumulations of uric acid crystals that build up in the soft tissue of a gouty joint, often occurring in the elbow or the joints of fingers or toes. They develop if underlying syndrome is not treated for an extended period of time.
- tophi
- an aberrant immune response that leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture.
- RA
- a characteristic development of an extensive network of new blood vessels in the synovial membrane that contributes to the advancement of rheumatoid synovitis is a destructive vascular granulation tissue called?
- pannus. it differentiates RA from other types of arthritis.
- which certain molecule may predispose to RA by their capacity to bind arthritogenic antigens, which in turn activate T cells and initiate the dz?
- HLA-DR. Human Leukocyte Antigen
- partial flexion of the DIP with hyperextention of the PIP is called?
- swan neck deformity
- flexion of the PIP joint with hyperextention of the DIP is called?
- boutonniere deformity
- what is the first line of pharmacologic tx for RA?
- nsaids. then dmards pg. 1422
- most commonly occuring signs and symptoms of SLE?
- arthralgia and arthritis. but articular destruction is rarely found.
- what are some musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE?
- tenosynovitis, rupture of the intrapatellar and achilles tendons and avascular necrosis.
- with this syndrome, there are joint changes, which include a progressive loss of articular cartilage and synovitis?
- osteoarthiritis syndrome
- what are some adverse side effects of NSAID's?
- gastric irritation and bleeding, fluid retention, kidney damage
- a dramatic increase of what organelle occurs in skeletal muscle that is repeatedly stimulated to contract?
- mitochondria
- a hormone released from the adrenal medulla that produces a decrease in insulin release and an increase in glucagon, HR, contractility...
- catecholamines (norepi,epi)
- this hormone stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary and increases activity of neurons in locus ceruleus
- CRF; corticotropin-releasing factor
- this hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol?
- ACTH from the adrenal cortex
- this hormone increases sodium absorption by the kidneys?
- aldosterone (a mineralcorticoid hormone)
- a hormone that increases water absorption by the kidney; produces vasoconstriction of blood vessels and stimulates the release of ACTH?
- ADH, vasopression (antidiuretic hormones) from hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
- the nasal passages, mouth and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles make up?
- the conducting airways
- what type of cells line the conducting airways?
- pseudostratified columnar epthelium that contain a mosaic of mucus-secreting goblet cells with cilia
- in addition to their gas exchange function, what other functions do the lungs perform?
- inactivate vasoactive substances such as bradykinin, they convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II and they serve as a resovoir for blood storage.
- what type of cells line the respiratory bronchioles?
- simple pseudostratified epithelium
- what type of cells are the alveolar type I cells?
- flat squamous epithelial cells across which gas exchange take place
- what do alveolar type II cells do?
- produce surfactant; a lipoportein substance that decreases the surface tension in the alveoli
- what makes up the blood supply to the lungs?
- a unique dual blood supply: the pulmonary and bronchial circulations
- which circulation distributes blood to the conducting airways and supporting structures of the lungs?
- the bronchial circulation. additionally it warms and humidifies incoming air
- where does the bronchial circulation arise from ?
- the thorascic aorta and enter the lungs with the major bronchi
- these chemoreceptors are found in the carotid and aortic bodies and they monitor arterial blood oxygen levels; stimulated by hypoxia
- peripheral receptors
- these receptors are found in the chemosensitive regions near the respiratory center in the medualla; stimulated by Co2
- central receptors
- P presents c angina of acute onset, and pain worsens on inspiration but is alleviated upon sitting up and leaning forward. upon PE you hear a friction rub along the L sternal border. what is the most likely dx?
- pericarditis
- beck's triad is indicitive of which dx?
- acute cardiac tamponade
- this term is used to describe an inflammation of the heart muscle and conduction system with out evidence of an MI?
- myocarditis