Physiology Intro
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- What is the Integumentary System?
- Protects underlying tissues, helps regulates body temp., house a variety of sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products
- What is the Skeletal System?
- works w/ muscles to provide movement and supports/protests the organs
- What is the Muscular System?
- Provides body movement, maintain posture, and body heat
- What is the Nervous System?
- Communicates and sends signals to brain and then back to muscles and glands
- What is the Endocrine System?
- works w/ nervous system via hormones and glands to control growth, reproduction,etc.
- What is the Cardiovascular System?
- Deals with the distribution of blood
- What is the Lymphatic System?
- Often considered part of the cardiovascular system; transports fluid from the spaces within tissues back to the bloodstream, also defends the body against infections by removing pathogens
- What is the Digestive System?
- Receives food and then breaks it down into usable energy
- What is the Respiratory System?
- Deals w/ gas exchange and maintaining pH
- What is the Urinary System?
- Removes wastes from the blood and helps in maintaining water and electrolyte balance
- What is the Reproductive System?
- deals w/ the continuity of our species
- Define the viscera
- The organs within a cavity
- Define Chemistry
- the composition of substances and changes in their composition
- Define biochemistry
- the chemistry of living things
- Define matter
- anything that has weight and takes up space
- Define compound
- a chemical combination of elements
- Define catalyst
- a molecule that influences the rate of chemical reactions
- Define acid
- an electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
- Define base
- a proton exceptor; high concentrations of hydroxide (OH-)ions make a solution basic or ALKALINE
- Define salt
- molecules consisting of positive and negative ions other than H+ and OH- (eg NaCl, table salt)
- Define electrolyte
- a substance that releases ions in water
- Define Buffers
- chemicals that resist change in pH
- What does pH measure?
- it measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution
- What is the range of pH
- 0-14 0 is most acidic and 14 is most basic
- What organ system is the stomach in?
- Digestive System
- What organ system is the brain in?
- Nervous System
- What organ system is the heart in?
- Cardiovascular System?
- What organ system is the liver in?
- Digestive System
- What organ system is the trachea in?
- Respiratory System
- What organ system is the spinal chord in?
- Nervous System
- What organ system is the spleen in?
- Lymphatic System
- What organ system is the esophagus in?
- Digestive System
- What organ system is the rectum in?
- Digestive System
- Define physiology
- functions of the structure of the body
- Who was the "father of medicine"?
- Hippocrates-Greek (460-377BC)
- Who was the "Founder of Modern Physiology"?
- William Harvey-British (1578-1657)
- Who was the "Founder of Modern Anatomy"?
- Vesalius - Brussels (1514-1564)
- What field is Bichat credited as founding?
- Histology, the science of tissues and their anatomy and physiology
- Define Gross Anatomy
- parts of the body viewed w/ the naked eye
- Define Fine Anatomy
- involves cells and tissues (histology) viewed w/ microscope
- Define superior
- nearer the head
- Define Inferior
- a body part below another
- Define Medial
- nearer to the midline of the body
- Define Lateral
- furthest from the midline "the sides"
- Define Cranial
- referring to the head
- Define Distal
- located far from its attachment
- Define Proximal
- located near its attachment
- Define Anterior
- towards the front
- Define Posterior
- towards the back
- Define Ventral
- towards the front in humans, in animals the belly
- Define Dorsal
- towards the back;
- Define Thoracic Cavity
- contains lungs, heart, trachea, etc.
- Define cranial cavity
- contains brain and skull
- Name the 7 Basic levels of organization
- chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- Homeostasis was coined by...
- Walter Cannon
- Define Homeostasis
- composition of the body's internal environment maintained as relatively constant w/ only minor changes which are kept within narrow limits
- What is extra cellular fluid (ECF)?
- the fluid outside the cell
- What is intra cellular fluid (ICF)?
- fluid inside your cells, very different from ECF
- What are the major chemical elements in the body?
- 65% oxygen 18% Carbon 9.5% Hydrogen 3.3% Nitrogen
- What is the function of calcium
- to build bones and help w/ muscle contracting
- What is the function of Phosphorus
- Involved in skeletal system and other parts
- What is the function of potassium?
- a crucial electrolyte involved in normal nerve cell message transmition and heartbeat conduction
- What are all the important minerals in the body?
- Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium
- Define ions
- charged atoms
- Where is energy stored in the body?
- chemical bonds; given off when broken
- Define metabolism
- the use of food by the body
- what are the 5 requirements of life
- water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
- What is negative feedback?
- When receptors measure a change in the internal environment, effectors kick in. As the body goes back to normal the effectors shut down
- What is in the Abdominopelvic cavity?
- Contains digestive organs, kidney, reproductive organs, bladder, rectum--pelvic+abdominal
- Define Anatomy
- structural makeup of the body (or an organism)
- Define trace element
- needed in very small amnts., but essential to the body
- Give 4 examples of important trace elements in the body
- iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), and Iodine (I)
- Give 3 examples of biochemistry in the body
- Metabolism, DNA replication, how drugs affect the body
- Define dissociate
- when an electrolyte breaks apart into seperete ions
- What is the primary concern of the body and how does it accomplish that?
- Survival, through homeostasis
- What is the immune system
- deals w. defending or protecting the body
- What are the senses' function?
- interprit stimuli from the environment
- What is the function of the blood?
- distributes oxygen and other gases plus nutrients and hormones
- What is the excretory system?
- deals w/ the removal of the body's waste products and deals w/ pH
- What are the 4 main tissues of the body
- nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithilial tissue, connective tissue
- What is the function of the nervous tissue?
- to communicate and control behavior and other activities (eg thinking and eating at the same time)
- What is the function of the muscle tissue?
- to move the body and its parts, is capable of shortening (contracting) and can produce locamotion (movement)
- What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal, cardiac, and smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
- What is the function of epithilial tissue?
- covering,protecting, secreting, and absorbing materials such as sweat and oil
- What is the function of connective tissue?
- supporting, transporting, protecting, and immune response
- define reactants
- those being changed by chemical reactions
- define products
- those formed at the conclusion
- define synthesis
- when two or more ions combine to form a more complex structure
- Define decomposition
- if the bonds of a reactant break to form simpler molecules
- what is a synthetic reaction
- building larger molecules from small ones
- In this reaction parts of two kinds of molecules trade positions
- exchange reaction
- A reversible reaction is when
- the product can change back to the reactants
- What is an organic compund
- those that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
- __________ provide much of the energy that cells require. They also supply materials to build certain cell structures, and they often are stored as reserve energy supplies.
- Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are_________ molecules
- water-soluble
- Simple carbohydrates are:
- sugars
- complex carbohydrates are:
- polysaccharides
- what is an example of a complex carbohydrate
- cellulose
- define lipids
- a group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic substances