Psychology midterm exam
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- physiological psychologist
- studies the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms
- LSD
- most likely to result in fatal overdose
- statistically significant
- results are UNLIKELY to be due to the fluctuations of chance
- phenotype
- ex: purple hair, blue eyes, over 12 ft
- Howard Gardner
- research on multiple intelligence
- personality tests do NOT belong with
- aptitude, intelligence, and achievement tests
- theories are
- organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena
- cross cultural comparisons of emotional experience
- types of events that trigger specific emotions are fairly similar across cultures, the physiological reactions that accompany emotions are similar across cultures, people of different cultures tend to categorize the emotions somewhat differently
- psychology's answer to the question of whether we are born or made tends to be
- we are both born and made
- exposure to aggressive pornography
- may increase males' aggressive behavior toward women, may perpetuate the myth that women enjoy being raped
- availability heuristic
- ex: after hearing a news story about a recent airline crash , Devon is afraid to fly. Her friend attempts to tell her that flying is safer than driving but she still refuses to fly
- as sleep cycle evolves through the night people tend to
- spend MORE time in REM sleep and less time in NREM sleep
- perceptual inference
- filling in the gaps of what our senses tell us
- procedural
- ex: how you brush your teeth
- phoneme
- ex: utterance of "a"
- gate control theory of pain
- pain can be lessened by shifting attention away from pain impulses
- galvanic skin response
- increase in the skin's electrical conductivity, response that occurs when subjects secrete sweat, way of measuring emotion
- retrograde amnesia
- forgetting events that occurred BEFORE a brain injury
- cerebral cortex
- more than half of the volume of the human brain
- frequency
- Hertz in sound waves
- expect to find greatest similarity of IQ
- in identical twins
- whenever you have a cold you rest, take aspirin, drink lots of fluid, can't determine which remedy most effective because of
- confounding of variables
- people with a high need for achievement
- select moderately challenging tasks
- observation learning
- link between physical punishment and subsequent aggressive behavior
- corpus callosum
- band that connects left and right brain
- semicircular canals
- human vestibular sense
- classical conditioning
- regulates reflexive, involuntary responses exclusively
- olfactory
- smell
- humanism
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, human capacity for choice and growth, humans have free will, optimistic view of human nature, maximize one's own potential
- negative reinforcement
- ex: sam changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his OLD GIRLFRIEND (negative reinforcer)
- Paul Broca found loss of ability to SPEAK intelligently is associated with damage to
- left frontal lobe
- linguistic relativity
- when you speak a language you think a language
- episodic memory
- ex: remembering that a clown was at your fifth birthday party
- standardized tests
- make a person's performance able to be compared with a pilot group
- somnambulism
- sleepwalking
- terminal buttons
- secrete neurotransmitters to postsynaptic neurons
- proactive interference
- ex: forgetting where the bowls are after you got new cabinets
- NOT been found in research on gender differences in sexual interest
- women are more interested in having many partners than men are
- polyandry
- parental involvement high for MALES
- IQ tests have been proven to be good predictors of
- school performance
- polygraph
- monitors physiological indices of autonomic arousal
- higher order conditioning
- and already established CS can be used in the place of a natural UCS
- in a case where a person has intense fear of small rooms room is
- conditioned stimulus
- Parkinson's disease
- LOSS of ability of brain to produce ADEQUATE levels of DOPAMINE
- over stimulation of ___ can result in dizziness and motion sickness
- vestibular system
- punishment
- unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the responses that produced it
- figure ground perception is important in
- DEPTH perception and VISION
- heritability of weight
- 60-70%
- amphetamines work by increasing levels of
- norepinephrineand dopamine
- polygyny
- parental involvement high for FEMALES
- dream deprivation studies
- indicate that there is some purpose to dreaming
- hypothesis
- tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables
- Charles Spearman's g of intelligence
- a general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks
- nicotine
- stimulant
- advantages of group tests when compared to individual ones
- can be given to a large group of people at once and are cheaper to grade
- failure to encode
- ex: not knowing what is on the back of a penny
- John B. Watson
- "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select
- non-compensatory decisions
- models do NOT allow some attributes to compensate for others
- functionalism
- mind body interaction, adaptation to changing environment, stream of consciousness
- G. Stanley Hall
- established first American research laboratory in psychology, launched America's first psychological journal, was the driving force behind the establishment of the APA
- selective attention
- ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about while filtering or ignoring other information
- cat that becomes terrified in presence of a mouse had their
- LIMBIC system affected
- cell body
- part of neuron that directs synthesis of neurotransmitters and proteins
- good test reliability
- yields similar scores if taken at two different times
- sampling bias
- sample is not representative of the population
- synapse
- space between neurons
- size constancy
- ex: house does not grow when approached
- elaborative rehearsal
- linking of new information to material that is already known
- stage 4 sleep
- ALPHA and BETA waves
- evolutionary approach emphasizes changes in behavior
- on the species level
- three reasons people forget
- decay, ineffective coding, and interference
- best evidence of environmental influences on intelligence
- positive correlation between IQ of UNRELATED children in SAME home
- Wilhelm Wundt
- establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology
- cerebellum
- most closely associated with maintaining BALANCE and COORDINATION of complex sequences of movements
- rapid extinction
- avoidance learning
- most gifted children
- do not go on to make genius level or earn eminence
- most classical conditioning can be expected to occur
- when CS precedes by the UCS by two seconds
- procedural memory
- ex: riding a bike after a long time
- affiliation motive develops out of
- dependency needs
- evolutionary psychologists believe
- humans developed a unique waking sleep cycle that maximized our chances of survival
- daydreams
- irrelevant thoughts that provide stimulation when your interest is flagging, letting you experience positive emotions
- misinformation effect
- distortion of memory by information provided AFTER an event
- heritability
- depends on how similar the environments are for a group of people
- facial expressions
- most reliable indicator of emotions across cultures
- controlled environment characteristic to
- experimentation
- pituitary
- interacts most directly with all other glands to help regulate body processes
- answering multiple choice questions is often easier than answering fill in or completion questions because
- they provide more retrieval cues
- intelligence quotient
- mental age/chronological age x 100
- avoidance avoidance conflict
- ex: feel this when jailer walks in and offers choice of whipped or clubbed
- unconditioned response
- learner learns to associate the unconditioned stimulus with this
- stimulus generalization
- ex: little Albert being afraid of bunnies as well as white beards
- Wilhelm Wundt
- establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology, first psychology journal, taught founders of many psychology laboratories
- spontaneous recovery
- reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period
- flashbulb memory
- most New Yorkers remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard the World Trade Center was destroyed
- compensatory decisions
- models allow attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes
- B.F. Skinner
- wrote Beyond Freedom and Dignity which expressed lack of free will
- shaping
- rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior
- sensory adaptation
- ex: you do not constantly feel your clothing on your body
- researchers who describe actions that will be taken to measure or control each variable must-
- provide operational definitions of their variables
- culture fair test
- not biased with respect to factors in the environment in favor of one group over another
- Cannon-Bard
- physiological changes occur at SAME TIME as emotion
- color vision
- cones
- Law of effect
- behaviors followed by negative consequences occur less frequently
- proactive interference
- recall of individual items in a list is interfered with items that came earlier
- G. Stanley Hall
- established first AMERICAN research laboratory in psychology, launched AMERICA's first psychological journal, was the driving force behind the establishment of the APA
- behaviorists
- emphasized animal behavior
- post hypnotic suggestion
- ex: bark like a dog whenever school bell was heard
- 2-3% in IQ distribution are considered in school to be
- gifted
- a PRIMARY reinforcer has ___reinforcing properties, a secondary reinforcer has ___ properties
- BIOLOGICAL, acquired
- naturalistic observation
- phenomena can be witnessed in subject's environment without investigator interference
- phonemic encoding
- how words SOUND
- depressants
- most frequently prescribed to relieve pain
- NOT learned through operant conditioning
- fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on
- case studies
- research for rare disorders/diseases/unusually complex or rare phenomena
- multi factorial causation states
- most behavior is governed by a complex network of interrelated factors
- Weber's law
- the larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for an observer to notice a change
- stage 4 sleep waves
- DELTA
- severely overweight rat most likely resulted in lesioning of
- hypothalamus
- Sir Francis Galton
- took the position that intelligence is largely determined by heredity
- data
- ex: test score
- sympathetic nervous system
- controls blood pressure and breathing rate
- stimulant is to depressant as
- cocaine is to alcohol
- aptitude tests designed to measure
- future performance
- what is necessary in any good assessment tool
- reliability and validity
- disassociated state of consciousness
- highway hypnosis
- decay theory
- principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time
- Alfred Kinsey
- sexual orientation should be viewed as a continuum
- recognitioin
- ex: essay test, ability to identify the name of your first grade teacher in a newspaper article
- retroactive interference
- ex: Sam failed a test because he studied for a similar test AFTER studying for the first one
- classical conditioning
- Pavlovian conditioning
- taste linked with
- smell
- Noam Chomsky
- believes children are hard wired for language acquisition
- ethnocentrism
- one's own group superior to others and standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
- William James
- functionalism
- blind spot
- place on retina with no receptor cells
- activation synthesis theory of dreaming contends that
- dreams represent the brain's attempt to PROCESS information taken during wake time
- syntax
- rules for combining words into sensible sentences and phrases in a language
- arrangement problems are often solved by
- sudden burst of insight
- hormones
- chemicals that are released by the ENDOCRINE system
- basic tastes
- sweet, salty, bitter, sour
- in a study of the effect of a new teaching technique on students' achievement test scores, an important extraneous variable would be students-
- IQ scores
- overextension
- girl who refers to every four legged animal as "doggie"
- generalization
- pigeon trained to peck at a green light pecks at a yellow light also
- convergence
- eyes turn inward to look at nearby objects
- interference
- blocking of a memory by previous or subsequent memories
- reinforcement
- observational learning
- tip of the tongue
- information that is available, but not accessible
- blood chemistry, stomach contractions, a particular set of nuclei of the hypothalamus
- all play a role in hunger
- Skinnner's belief
- free will is an illusion
- reliability of a test
- yield same results when given a second time
- control group
- no treatment
- fixed interval
- steady rapid responding
- structuralism
- complex substances can be described in terms of their COMPONENT elements
- behavioral
- emphasized observable events
- Approach that suggests forgetting to pick up mother at airport as unconcious way of resenting her visit
- psychoanalytic
- AP exams
- achievement tests
- olfaction
- least involved when trying to maintain balance
- field dependent
- rely on external frames of reference, tend to accept the physical environment as given
- forgetting
- decay, repression, and interference
- John B. Watson
- "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select"
- conditioned taste preference for the substance
- John Garcia showed this when rats ingested a novel substance before becoming nauseated from radiation or drugs
- Psychoanalytic
- Approach that suggests forgetting to pick up mother at airport as unconscious way of resenting her visit, abnormal behavior to failure to resolve unconscious conflicts
- confirmation bias
- ex: citing of two boy's perfect scores to say that boys do better than girls when more girls than boys received perfect scores
- James Lange theory
- we are afraid BECAUSE WE TREMBLE, different PATTERNS of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
- linear perspective
- causes distant objects to appear as converging lines at a distance
- secondary reinforcers
- ex: chimps given TOKENS for performing tricks were able to put tokens in vending machines to GET GRAPES
- behaviorism
- stimulus response psychology
- action potential
- neural impulse is initiated when a neuron's charge momentarily becomes LESS NEGATIVE or even POSITIVE
- negative reinforcement
- CESSATION of an aversive stimulus
- probability of heads is higher after a long string of tails
- an example of gambler's fallacy, reflects the influence of the representativeness heuristic
- problem with case studies
- no access to statistical information
- instinctive drift
- Breland and Breland description of how animal's innate responses can distort conditioning processes
- fact that psychologists do not all agree about the nature and development of personality demonstrates
- that there are many ways of looking at the same phenomenon
- experimentation
- most appropriate for identifying cause and effect
- neurotransmitters-hormones
- nervous system-endocrine system
- Shachter's two factor theory
- people can change their emotions by changing the way they label their arousal
- traveling in a jet plane from VA to Philippines is most likely to disrupt one's
- circadian rhythms
- biological index of intelligence
- ex: reaction time
- anxiety
- NOT one of the six universally recognizable emotions by Ekman
- negative punishment
- taking away car for speeding
- advantage of experimental method
- causal relationships can be drawn
- hindbrain
- cerebellum, medulla, pons
- operant conditioning
- regulates VOLUNTARY responses exclusively
- variable interval
- ex: fishing
- three memory processes
- encoding, storage, and retrieval
- nine year old child with mental age of 12 would have IQ of
- 133
- immediately subsequent to the elimination of an instrumental reward, animal's response
- increase in frequency
- heuristic
- guiding principle or rule of thumb used in problem solving
- tip of the tongue phenomenon
- inability to remember something you know but feel is just out of reach, clearly due to a failure in retrieval
- situational determinants of achievement behavior
- one's estimate of the PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS on the task at hand, INCENTIVE VALUE of success on the task at hand
- high order conditioning a former
- UCS serves as CS
- thalamus
- impulses transmitted to specific sensory areas in cerebral cortex
- EEG would indicate what waves activity while you take a test
- theta waves
- dissociation of consciousness
- is evident by monitoring by the hidden observer during hypnosis
- hypothalamus
- bodily instinctive functions "fight of flight"
- mental retardation
- majority is mildly retarded
- flying east
- generally leads to greatest difficulty with jet lag
- decibel scale
- measures sound amplitude
- functional fixedness
- failing to use a dime as a screwdriver when you have lost your screwdriver
- intelligence tests measure
- performance
- classical conditioning
- simultaneous
- subliminal perception on attitudes have
- small but measurable effects
- content validity
- ex: comprehensive final exam
- prototype
- construction of a mental image of the best model of a concept or category
- axon and dendrites
- carry information to and from the cell body
- PERIPHERAL nervous system
- autonomic, somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic
- advantages of descriptive/correlational research
- can often be used in circumstances in which an experiment would be unethical, demonstrate conclusively that two variables are causally related
- crystallized intelligence
- increases with age in healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 70
- experimenter bias can be avoided by
- double blind research
- nightmares generally occur
- during REM sleep
- representativeness
- heuristic that suggests that decisions are made based on how similar the sample is to the population from which it comes
- DIVERGENT thinkers more likely to solve a problem by
- a systematic step by step fashion
- alertness waves
- alpha waves
- morpheme
- smallest unit of language that carries meaning
- Flynn effect
- environment influences IQ
- absolute threshold
- point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50% of the time
- farsightedness
- focus of light from close objects falls BEHIND the retina
- algorithm
- systematically listing every single possible combination to determine the probability that something will show a particular set of traits
- sounds presented to the right ear registered
- more quickly in left hemisphere
- Roger Sperry
- scientist who won a Nobel Prize for work with SPLIT BRAIN patients