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Psychology midterm exam

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physiological psychologist
studies the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms
LSD
most likely to result in fatal overdose
statistically significant
results are UNLIKELY to be due to the fluctuations of chance
phenotype
ex: purple hair, blue eyes, over 12 ft
Howard Gardner
research on multiple intelligence
personality tests do NOT belong with
aptitude, intelligence, and achievement tests
theories are
organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena
cross cultural comparisons of emotional experience
types of events that trigger specific emotions are fairly similar across cultures, the physiological reactions that accompany emotions are similar across cultures, people of different cultures tend to categorize the emotions somewhat differently
psychology's answer to the question of whether we are born or made tends to be
we are both born and made
exposure to aggressive pornography
may increase males' aggressive behavior toward women, may perpetuate the myth that women enjoy being raped
availability heuristic
ex: after hearing a news story about a recent airline crash , Devon is afraid to fly. Her friend attempts to tell her that flying is safer than driving but she still refuses to fly
as sleep cycle evolves through the night people tend to
spend MORE time in REM sleep and less time in NREM sleep
perceptual inference
filling in the gaps of what our senses tell us
procedural
ex: how you brush your teeth
phoneme
ex: utterance of "a"
gate control theory of pain
pain can be lessened by shifting attention away from pain impulses
galvanic skin response
increase in the skin's electrical conductivity, response that occurs when subjects secrete sweat, way of measuring emotion
retrograde amnesia
forgetting events that occurred BEFORE a brain injury
cerebral cortex
more than half of the volume of the human brain
frequency
Hertz in sound waves
expect to find greatest similarity of IQ
in identical twins
whenever you have a cold you rest, take aspirin, drink lots of fluid, can't determine which remedy most effective because of
confounding of variables
people with a high need for achievement
select moderately challenging tasks
observation learning
link between physical punishment and subsequent aggressive behavior
corpus callosum
band that connects left and right brain
semicircular canals
human vestibular sense
classical conditioning
regulates reflexive, involuntary responses exclusively
olfactory
smell
humanism
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, human capacity for choice and growth, humans have free will, optimistic view of human nature, maximize one's own potential
negative reinforcement
ex: sam changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his OLD GIRLFRIEND (negative reinforcer)
Paul Broca found loss of ability to SPEAK intelligently is associated with damage to
left frontal lobe
linguistic relativity
when you speak a language you think a language
episodic memory
ex: remembering that a clown was at your fifth birthday party
standardized tests
make a person's performance able to be compared with a pilot group
somnambulism
sleepwalking
terminal buttons
secrete neurotransmitters to postsynaptic neurons
proactive interference
ex: forgetting where the bowls are after you got new cabinets
NOT been found in research on gender differences in sexual interest
women are more interested in having many partners than men are
polyandry
parental involvement high for MALES
IQ tests have been proven to be good predictors of
school performance
polygraph
monitors physiological indices of autonomic arousal
higher order conditioning
and already established CS can be used in the place of a natural UCS
in a case where a person has intense fear of small rooms room is
conditioned stimulus
Parkinson's disease
LOSS of ability of brain to produce ADEQUATE levels of DOPAMINE
over stimulation of ___ can result in dizziness and motion sickness
vestibular system
punishment
unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the responses that produced it
figure ground perception is important in
DEPTH perception and VISION
heritability of weight
60-70%
amphetamines work by increasing levels of
norepinephrineand dopamine
polygyny
parental involvement high for FEMALES
dream deprivation studies
indicate that there is some purpose to dreaming
hypothesis
tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables
Charles Spearman's g of intelligence
a general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks
nicotine
stimulant
advantages of group tests when compared to individual ones
can be given to a large group of people at once and are cheaper to grade
failure to encode
ex: not knowing what is on the back of a penny
John B. Watson
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select
non-compensatory decisions
models do NOT allow some attributes to compensate for others
functionalism
mind body interaction, adaptation to changing environment, stream of consciousness
G. Stanley Hall
established first American research laboratory in psychology, launched America's first psychological journal, was the driving force behind the establishment of the APA
selective attention
ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about while filtering or ignoring other information
cat that becomes terrified in presence of a mouse had their
LIMBIC system affected
cell body
part of neuron that directs synthesis of neurotransmitters and proteins
good test reliability
yields similar scores if taken at two different times
sampling bias
sample is not representative of the population
synapse
space between neurons
size constancy
ex: house does not grow when approached
elaborative rehearsal
linking of new information to material that is already known
stage 4 sleep
ALPHA and BETA waves
evolutionary approach emphasizes changes in behavior
on the species level
three reasons people forget
decay, ineffective coding, and interference
best evidence of environmental influences on intelligence
positive correlation between IQ of UNRELATED children in SAME home
Wilhelm Wundt
establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology
cerebellum
most closely associated with maintaining BALANCE and COORDINATION of complex sequences of movements
rapid extinction
avoidance learning
most gifted children
do not go on to make genius level or earn eminence
most classical conditioning can be expected to occur
when CS precedes by the UCS by two seconds
procedural memory
ex: riding a bike after a long time
affiliation motive develops out of
dependency needs
evolutionary psychologists believe
humans developed a unique waking sleep cycle that maximized our chances of survival
daydreams
irrelevant thoughts that provide stimulation when your interest is flagging, letting you experience positive emotions
misinformation effect
distortion of memory by information provided AFTER an event
heritability
depends on how similar the environments are for a group of people
facial expressions
most reliable indicator of emotions across cultures
controlled environment characteristic to
experimentation
pituitary
interacts most directly with all other glands to help regulate body processes
answering multiple choice questions is often easier than answering fill in or completion questions because
they provide more retrieval cues
intelligence quotient
mental age/chronological age x 100
avoidance avoidance conflict
ex: feel this when jailer walks in and offers choice of whipped or clubbed
unconditioned response
learner learns to associate the unconditioned stimulus with this
stimulus generalization
ex: little Albert being afraid of bunnies as well as white beards
Wilhelm Wundt
establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology, first psychology journal, taught founders of many psychology laboratories
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period
flashbulb memory
most New Yorkers remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard the World Trade Center was destroyed
compensatory decisions
models allow attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes
B.F. Skinner
wrote Beyond Freedom and Dignity which expressed lack of free will
shaping
rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior
sensory adaptation
ex: you do not constantly feel your clothing on your body
researchers who describe actions that will be taken to measure or control each variable must-
provide operational definitions of their variables
culture fair test
not biased with respect to factors in the environment in favor of one group over another
Cannon-Bard
physiological changes occur at SAME TIME as emotion
color vision
cones
Law of effect
behaviors followed by negative consequences occur less frequently
proactive interference
recall of individual items in a list is interfered with items that came earlier
G. Stanley Hall
established first AMERICAN research laboratory in psychology, launched AMERICA's first psychological journal, was the driving force behind the establishment of the APA
behaviorists
emphasized animal behavior
post hypnotic suggestion
ex: bark like a dog whenever school bell was heard
2-3% in IQ distribution are considered in school to be
gifted
a PRIMARY reinforcer has ___reinforcing properties, a secondary reinforcer has ___ properties
BIOLOGICAL, acquired
naturalistic observation
phenomena can be witnessed in subject's environment without investigator interference
phonemic encoding
how words SOUND
depressants
most frequently prescribed to relieve pain
NOT learned through operant conditioning
fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on
case studies
research for rare disorders/diseases/unusually complex or rare phenomena
multi factorial causation states
most behavior is governed by a complex network of interrelated factors
Weber's law
the larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for an observer to notice a change
stage 4 sleep waves
DELTA
severely overweight rat most likely resulted in lesioning of
hypothalamus
Sir Francis Galton
took the position that intelligence is largely determined by heredity
data
ex: test score
sympathetic nervous system
controls blood pressure and breathing rate
stimulant is to depressant as
cocaine is to alcohol
aptitude tests designed to measure
future performance
what is necessary in any good assessment tool
reliability and validity
disassociated state of consciousness
highway hypnosis
decay theory
principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time
Alfred Kinsey
sexual orientation should be viewed as a continuum
recognitioin
ex: essay test, ability to identify the name of your first grade teacher in a newspaper article
retroactive interference
ex: Sam failed a test because he studied for a similar test AFTER studying for the first one
classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning
taste linked with
smell
Noam Chomsky
believes children are hard wired for language acquisition
ethnocentrism
one's own group superior to others and standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
William James
functionalism
blind spot
place on retina with no receptor cells
activation synthesis theory of dreaming contends that
dreams represent the brain's attempt to PROCESS information taken during wake time
syntax
rules for combining words into sensible sentences and phrases in a language
arrangement problems are often solved by
sudden burst of insight
hormones
chemicals that are released by the ENDOCRINE system
basic tastes
sweet, salty, bitter, sour
in a study of the effect of a new teaching technique on students' achievement test scores, an important extraneous variable would be students-
IQ scores
overextension
girl who refers to every four legged animal as "doggie"
generalization
pigeon trained to peck at a green light pecks at a yellow light also
convergence
eyes turn inward to look at nearby objects
interference
blocking of a memory by previous or subsequent memories
reinforcement
observational learning
tip of the tongue
information that is available, but not accessible
blood chemistry, stomach contractions, a particular set of nuclei of the hypothalamus
all play a role in hunger
Skinnner's belief
free will is an illusion
reliability of a test
yield same results when given a second time
control group
no treatment
fixed interval
steady rapid responding
structuralism
complex substances can be described in terms of their COMPONENT elements
behavioral
emphasized observable events
Approach that suggests forgetting to pick up mother at airport as unconcious way of resenting her visit
psychoanalytic
AP exams
achievement tests
olfaction
least involved when trying to maintain balance
field dependent
rely on external frames of reference, tend to accept the physical environment as given
forgetting
decay, repression, and interference
John B. Watson
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select"
conditioned taste preference for the substance
John Garcia showed this when rats ingested a novel substance before becoming nauseated from radiation or drugs
Psychoanalytic
Approach that suggests forgetting to pick up mother at airport as unconscious way of resenting her visit, abnormal behavior to failure to resolve unconscious conflicts
confirmation bias
ex: citing of two boy's perfect scores to say that boys do better than girls when more girls than boys received perfect scores
James Lange theory
we are afraid BECAUSE WE TREMBLE, different PATTERNS of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
linear perspective
causes distant objects to appear as converging lines at a distance
secondary reinforcers
ex: chimps given TOKENS for performing tricks were able to put tokens in vending machines to GET GRAPES
behaviorism
stimulus response psychology
action potential
neural impulse is initiated when a neuron's charge momentarily becomes LESS NEGATIVE or even POSITIVE
negative reinforcement
CESSATION of an aversive stimulus
probability of heads is higher after a long string of tails
an example of gambler's fallacy, reflects the influence of the representativeness heuristic
problem with case studies
no access to statistical information
instinctive drift
Breland and Breland description of how animal's innate responses can distort conditioning processes
fact that psychologists do not all agree about the nature and development of personality demonstrates
that there are many ways of looking at the same phenomenon
experimentation
most appropriate for identifying cause and effect
neurotransmitters-hormones
nervous system-endocrine system
Shachter's two factor theory
people can change their emotions by changing the way they label their arousal
traveling in a jet plane from VA to Philippines is most likely to disrupt one's
circadian rhythms
biological index of intelligence
ex: reaction time
anxiety
NOT one of the six universally recognizable emotions by Ekman
negative punishment
taking away car for speeding
advantage of experimental method
causal relationships can be drawn
hindbrain
cerebellum, medulla, pons
operant conditioning
regulates VOLUNTARY responses exclusively
variable interval
ex: fishing
three memory processes
encoding, storage, and retrieval
nine year old child with mental age of 12 would have IQ of
133
immediately subsequent to the elimination of an instrumental reward, animal's response
increase in frequency
heuristic
guiding principle or rule of thumb used in problem solving
tip of the tongue phenomenon
inability to remember something you know but feel is just out of reach, clearly due to a failure in retrieval
situational determinants of achievement behavior
one's estimate of the PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS on the task at hand, INCENTIVE VALUE of success on the task at hand
high order conditioning a former
UCS serves as CS
thalamus
impulses transmitted to specific sensory areas in cerebral cortex
EEG would indicate what waves activity while you take a test
theta waves
dissociation of consciousness
is evident by monitoring by the hidden observer during hypnosis
hypothalamus
bodily instinctive functions "fight of flight"
mental retardation
majority is mildly retarded
flying east
generally leads to greatest difficulty with jet lag
decibel scale
measures sound amplitude
functional fixedness
failing to use a dime as a screwdriver when you have lost your screwdriver
intelligence tests measure
performance
classical conditioning
simultaneous
subliminal perception on attitudes have
small but measurable effects
content validity
ex: comprehensive final exam
prototype
construction of a mental image of the best model of a concept or category
axon and dendrites
carry information to and from the cell body
PERIPHERAL nervous system
autonomic, somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic
advantages of descriptive/correlational research
can often be used in circumstances in which an experiment would be unethical, demonstrate conclusively that two variables are causally related
crystallized intelligence
increases with age in healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 70
experimenter bias can be avoided by
double blind research
nightmares generally occur
during REM sleep
representativeness
heuristic that suggests that decisions are made based on how similar the sample is to the population from which it comes
DIVERGENT thinkers more likely to solve a problem by
a systematic step by step fashion
alertness waves
alpha waves
morpheme
smallest unit of language that carries meaning
Flynn effect
environment influences IQ
absolute threshold
point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50% of the time
farsightedness
focus of light from close objects falls BEHIND the retina
algorithm
systematically listing every single possible combination to determine the probability that something will show a particular set of traits
sounds presented to the right ear registered
more quickly in left hemisphere
Roger Sperry
scientist who won a Nobel Prize for work with SPLIT BRAIN patients

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