Psych
Terms
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- evolutionary
- how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes
- overconfidence
- we tend to think we know more than we do
- biological psychology
- explores links between rbain andmind
- rationality v. irrationality
- are we wise or are do we devcieve ourselves
- experiments
- a research method in which the investigator manipulates one ormore factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental proce while controlling other relevent factors by random assingment of subjects
- Psychology grew from the fields of
- bioogy and philosophy
- survery
- a technique for ascertining the self-reported attitdes of behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
- random sample
- sample that fairly represents a population because eachmember has an equal cahnce of inclusion
- false consensus effect
- the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
- Jean Piaget
- observer ofchildren, biologist
- applied research
- tackles practical problems
- Edward Throndike
- conducts first experiments on animal learning 1898
- control conditio
- the condition of an experiment that constrats with the xperimental treatment and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of a treatment
- Aristole
- Ancient Greek, thought that external influence on traits
- Margaret Floy Washburn
- the first woman to receive a PhD in psych, The Animal Mind 1908
- hypothesis
- a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
- indepedent variable
- the eperimental factor that is manipulted the varible whose effect is being studied
- case study
- an observation tenchqiue in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revleaing universal principles
- cognitive
- how we process, store and retrieve information
- Plato
- Ancient Greek, thought that traits inherited
- psychiatists
- often rove psychotherapy are medical doctos licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat pshysical causes
- correlation
- a statistical measure of a relationship, a statistical measure that indicats the extent to which two fators vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other
- Darwin
- Came up with natural selection
- introspection
- selfexamination of ones own emotional states and mental processes
- behavioral
- how we learn observle responses
- hindsight bias
- the tendency to believe after learning an outcome thatone would have foreseen it
- clinical psychologists
- study and assess and treat rouble people. manage mental health programs and conduct research
- mental processes
- internal suecjtive experience we infer from behavior sensations perceptions dreams thoughts beliefs and feelings
- critical thiking
- thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conditios
- Hermann Ebbinghaus
- first experiments on memory 1885
- psychology's big issues
- stability v. change,rationality v. irrationality, nature v. nuture
- population
- all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study
- experimental condition
- the condition of an experiment that exposes subecjts to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
- APA is founded
- 1892
- illusory correlation
- the perception of a relationship where none exists
- developmental psychology
- studies our changing abilities from womb to death
- Until the 1920s psychology was defined as the
- science of mental ife
- behavioral genetics
- how much do our genes and our environment influecne our individual differences
- naturalistic observation
- obsering and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
- Descartes
- 1600s, thought that some ideas are innate
- Freud
- personality theorist, physician
- William Wundt
- launched the first psychological instituted
- Ivan Pavlov
- pioneered the study of learning, physiologist
- William James
- author of 1890 textbook, philopshor
- 1920s to 1960s
- rejected introspection, defined as the science of observable behvior
- nature v. nurture
- whether we are a blank slate at birth or if some traits are inherited
- personality psychologyists
- investigate our traits
- three methods psychologists use
- case studies, surverys, and naturalistic observations
- psychology (1960s and on)
- the science of behavior and mental processes
- opertional defintion
- a statment of the procedures ued to define research variables
- Mar Whiton Clakins
- creates paired-assciates technique for studying memory, becomes president of APA 1905
- random assignment
- assigng subecjts to experimental and control conditions by chance thus minimizing pre eisting differences between those assigned to the difeferent groups
- stability v. change
- do we change as we age or do we stay the same
- basic research
- bulds psychology's knowledge base
- John Locke
- 1600s, thought that mind was blank at birth
- John B. Wason
- champoins psychology as the scienc eof behavior 1913
- positive correlation
- indicates a direct relationships
- thoery
- an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
- negative correlation
- indicates an inverse relationships
- The birth of pyschology
- 1879
- neuroscience perspectives
- how the body and brain creaste emotions memories and sensory experiences
- replication
- repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different subecjts in different situations t see whether the basic finding generalizes to other subejcts in circumstances
- industrial/organization psychologists
- study and advise on behavior in the workplace
- psychology's subfields
- basic research, applied research, clinical psychologists, psychiatrist
- behavior
- anything an organism does
- social-cultural
- how behavior and thinkin vary across situations and cultures
- dependent variable
- the experimental factor in psychology the behavior or mental process that is being measured, the variable that may change in reponse to manipulations of the independent variable