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Stonecipher

final study guide

Terms

undefined, object
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population
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.
Insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
temporal lobe
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
limbic system
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex Includes the hippocampus amygdale, and the hypothalamus
Infant social attachment
can be described as either secure attachment, which is behavior, demonstrated from infants with sensitive, caring mothers or insecure attachment demonstrated by infants with neglectful and/or insensitive mothers
sleep rhythm
Stage 1 - Stage 4, back up to REM
Hallucinogens
distort perceptions (LSD, THC marijuana)
Major Sleep Disorders
Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, Narcolepsy and Night Terrors
Harlow's monkeys
through scientific experiment, these monkeys displayed the bond attachment associated with Social development showing the need for physical contact as the monkeys clung to the softer artificial "mother" when scared, feeding and when combined with other factors such as warmth, rocking and feeding became even more appealing.
identical twins
Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, two genetically identical organisms.
technologies used to study the brain
EEG, MRI, PET, CT
permissive
parents submit to the child's desires, make few demands and use little punishment
Edward Thorndike's law of effect
Rewarded behavior is likely to recur.
mirror aware
child self-concept: 15-18 mo
Scientific methods
Descriptive, Correlation, Experimental
operational definition
a statement of the procedures (operations used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
parietal lobe
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
Kohlberg's Preconventional morality
Before age 9, focused on self-interest. -to obey to avoid punishment or gain concrete reward
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
fetus
what to call this stage of prenatal development -- 9 weeks to delivery
hormones
chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, produced in one tissue and affect another. When they act on the brain, they influence our interest in sex, food and aggression
somatic nervous system
the division of the nervous system that helps in the voluntary controls of our skeletal muscles
Hospice
a supportive agency offering care and counseling to dying patients and their families; a program consisting of pallative and supportive services. provides psychological, financial, spiritual and social counseling. Main objective is to allow patient to die with dignity.
medulla
The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Behavioral
the branch of psychology that studies how we learn observable responses
Parenting Styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive
Content and Function of Dreams
Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious thought Freud
Piaget's Sensorimotor stage
Experiencing the world through sensers and actions (looking touching mouthing and grasping)
Erikson's Identity vs. role confusion
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
hypothalamus
This small but important structure that lies below the thalamus helps keep the body's internal environment in a steady state by regulating thirst, hunger and body temperature and influences experiences of pleasurable reward
Serotonin
neurotransmitter which affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
Maslow
Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs.
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Punishment
application of a unpleasant stimulus (an aversive) tends to decrease the frequency of the preceding response May be "effective"...but has serious side effects:.
Latent content
underlying or deeper, hidden meaning of a dream
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
endocrine
a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Neuroscience
the branch of psychology that tells how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Erikson's Initiative vs guilt
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to become independent
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two; males have one. An ___ chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
Dopamine
neurotransmitter which influences movement, learning, attention and emotion
infantile amnesia
our memories generally do not predate our third birthday
Kohlberg's Conventional morality
early adolesscence, morality usually evolves to level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules.
nature-nurture
the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience.
myelin sheath
fatty covering of the axon of some neurons, helps speed neural impulses
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Circadian rhythm (circa dias)
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
placebo
Latin for "I shall please" experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.
negative reinforcement
reducing or removing an unpleasant stimulus
hypothesis
a testable prediction often implied by a theory.
Cognitive
the branch of psychology that tells how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
secondary reinforcer or conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer through learning such as money, good grades
PET
positron emission tomography a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
B.F. Skinner
1904 - 1990 -most influential and controversial figure. Developed behavioral technology and designed a famous operant chamber
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
positive reinforcement
presenting a pleasant stimulus
critical period
just after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations and Formal Operations
amygdala
Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
Y chromosome
The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an _____chromosome form the mother, it produces a male child.
gender
In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
sensory cortex
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Pavlov
experimented with dogs to develop classical conditioning theory
Rogers
Humanist psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and coined the term "unconditional positive regard."
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In server cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
Fixed interval
equal time elapse between reinforcer
axon
passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need
gender role
A set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
latent learning
learning that occurs but that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
pituitary
the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Watson
behaviorist who worked with "Little Albert."
plasticity
the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.
Sensation
detect physical energy in the environment and encode as neural signals. (bottom-up processing)
gender identity
one's sense of being male or female
Fixed ratio
reinforcer after a set # of responses
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
Functions of sleep
restorative to exhaustive brain tissue and helpful in consolidating memories, knitting together information
Variable ratio
reinforcer after unpredictable # of responses
authoritarian
parents (impose/ dictate) rules and expect obedience in a militant fashion
testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional _________ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation
in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 8 Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt , Competence vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence),Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair (late life review)
Evolutionary
the branch of psychology that tells how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
motor cortex
the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
US
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically -triggers a response
Erikson's Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they question their abilities
CT
Computed tomography is a medical imaging method employing tomography. Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. The word "tomography" is derived from the Greek tomos (slice) and graphein (to write).(known as a CAT scan)
Narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep often at inopportune times.
Peripheral Nervous System
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
independent variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
structures of the brain (be able to locate on a diagram)
cerebral cortex, frontal lobe, motor cortex, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, sensory cortex,
autonomic nervous system
the division of the nervous system that controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstance.
Erikson's Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Operant conditioning
we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus repeat acts followed by good results
dependent variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the other variable.
culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Broca's area
controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the nervous system that arouses the body and mobilizes energy in stressful situations
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
EEG
electroencephalogram amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Psychologist who theorized the terminally ill progress through sequence of: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
occipital lobe
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas.
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
Piaget's Formal operational
abstract reasoning, abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning
Perception
selecting, organizing, interpreting meaningful objects & events.(top-down processing)
Depressants
depress neural functioning (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates)
Kohlberg's Postconventional morality
developed in people that contain abstract reasoning in formal operational thought and can affirm people's agreed-upon rights or following self-defined, basic ethical principles
dendrites
the bushy branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward a cell body
endorphins
morphine within, neurotransmitter (pain and pleasure).
Piaget's Preoperational stage
representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg
contends that moral thinking progresses through a series of stages: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
Erikson
developed a theory of eight stages of psychosocial development.
Partial Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dentrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
Experimental
the method used to explore cause and effect with manipulation or one or more factors (independent variables) and using random assignment
Freud
developed psychoanalytic theory.
Wernicke's area
controls language reception -a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in left temporal lobe
Night Terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, this disorder occurs during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and is seldom remembered
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
cortical areas involved in aphasia
Broca's area, Wernicke's area, Angular gyrus, Motor cortex, Visual cortex
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord the
cerebral cortex
looks like a walnut and is the bulk of the brain. The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center
Social-Cultural
the branch of psychology that tells how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it. (I knew it all along syndrome)
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
crystallized intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
motor neurons
Neurons that carry outgoing info from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
thalamus
The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
fluid intelligence
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Reinforcer
any event that increases the frequency of the preceding response
Jung
neo-Freudian, psychodamic psychologist, developed theory of the "collective unconscious."
Erikson's Competence vs. inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to task, or they feel inferior
natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
mutation
A random error in gene replication that leads to a change.
embryo
what to call the secondary stage of prenatal development (2 to 9 weeks)
Sleep Apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Correlation
the method used to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another and compute statistical association, sometimes among survey responses
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the nervous system that causes calms the body and conserves it's energy
random sample or assignment
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Erikson's Integrity vs. despair
When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
gender identity
One's sense of being male or female.
modeling
Observe & imitate a specific behavior... may be latent learning
the major divisions of the nervous system
CNS, PNS, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system
cerebellum
the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
less than half
the number of fertilized eggs that survive
Continuous reinforcement
Constantly reinforced each time behavior occurs
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes int the forms of objects
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
Hypnosis
accepted uses, but can be problematic in memory retrieval
neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
Sleep Stage #1
alpha waves, images like hallucinations (hypnogogic)
Wilhelm Wundt
established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
Manifest content
story line of a dream
brainstem
The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the _________ is responsible for automatic survival functions
Stimulants
stimulate neural functioning (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines)
CS
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter which enables muscle action, learning and memory
frontal lobe
part of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgments
reticular formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
hippocampus
a structure in the limbic system linked to memory
lesion
tissue destruction. a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
Piaget's Concrete Operational stage
thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
Descriptive
the method used to observe and record behavior without manipulation (survey, case study, naturalistic observation)
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists.
aphasia
the impaired use of language
genes
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
Erikson's Trust vs. mistrust
if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
CR
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Sleep Stage #3-4
large, slow delta waves; Pattern repeats every 90 minutes
authoritative
parents are both demanding and responsive by exerting control, setting rules, enforcing them and also explaining the reasons. They also encourage discussions with older children and allow exceptions when making rules.
zygote
what to call the primary stage of prenatal development (up to the first two weeks after conception)
Variable interval
reinforce first response after varying time lapse
Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytic
the branch of psychology that tells how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Sigmund Freud
famed personality theorist and therapist whose controversial ideas influenced humanity's self-understanding. Thought dreams were a wish-fulfillment through latent content.
UR
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salivation when food is in the mouth
side effects of Punishment
increased aggression, fear of punisher, even when it suppresses undesired behavior, may not, guide toward the more desired behavior
teratogens
agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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