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Counseling Theories

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IPT Therapeutic Process Theory
Short-term, present-oriented therapy, therapist should not address additional problems, but remain focused on primary problem, No ideological hesitation to use medication
PCT Importance of Treatment adherence
Large effects in treatment engagement, retention, and adherence
(Establishing) Interpersonal Problems Areas
1-Interpersonal loses ( grief; loss of a loved one) 2-Role Disputes 3- Role Transitions 4-Deficits
IPT
Time-limited, Focused, About current relationships, Interpersonal, Improving relationships, Identifying assets, Learning how to cope
PCT Cultural Considerations
some clients may prefer a more directive, structured treatment, Individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with direct expression of empathy or creativity, Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control,
Communication theory
communication of distress is highly dependent upon the client's
REBT Behaviors
secondary focus, measure of progress
Unsupported ipt applications
psychosis< severe
REBT Common Irrational Beliefs About SA
IB: I NEED to use drugs to relax, IB Alternative:I want to use drugs, but don't have to use them
REBT Applications
Family/Couples, Individual, Groups (Mild to mod/severe mental disorders, Anger-aggression, anxiety, depression, contraindicated in psychotic disorders, impulse control, suicidal/homicidal ideation, more research needed on diverse groups
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
1 stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing 2 Assumes that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship 3 highly didactic, very directive, and concerned as much with thinking as with feeling 4 Teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations
REBT Mustabatory Thinking
rigid and dogmatic beliefs
REBT Catastrophizing
unrealistic and over-generalized attributions generated by beliefs
PCT Theory of Psychopathology
positive correlation between psychopathology and the level of conditional parents' love, Incongruence between experience and self-concept, reflects a divided personality due to lack of wholeness, defensive reactions prevent awareness, defenses cause inaccurate perceptions due to distortions and selective omission of information
IPT Treatment example (Role dispute)
Role dispute - help client examine dispute & seek resolution
REBT Emotions
changed by changing irrational beliefs, not changed directly
Opening Phase of IPT
Diagnose, interpersonal inventory,Establishing the interpersonal problem area, Making the interpersonal formulation,Obtaining the patient's agreement to the formulation, Establishing the therapeutic relationship, psychoeducation, hope
MI Communication Style
elicit internal motivation, gentle and active listening, respect for patient values and autonomy
IPT Treatment example (Bereavement related depression)
- help client mourn, then explore new replacement relationships and activities
MI Strategies
Examine pros/cons of change and staying the same, Assess importance and confidence, Use hypothetical, Agenda setting, Provide information/feedback (with client permission)
Interpersonal Inventory
catalogue of important relationships, informal, Inquire about important people, Explore omissions as well as those easily discussed
Practicalities of PCT
Psych testing rarely conducted, Efforts to enhance trainee's empathy confused with mindless parroting or sterile technique, Modest effects of such training on empathy
REBT Therapeutic Alliance
collaborative; clinician teaches client about rationale & irrational; clinician helps identify, dispute & modify Irrational Beliefs; clinician facilitate development of more rational philosophy; clinician uses influence, persuasion, praise, instruction & humor
REBT Disputing Irrational Beliefs
logic, empirical evidence, pragmatic/functionalism, constructing alternate rational beliefs
MI Key Qualities
Flexibility, Tolerance of uncertainty, Encouraging thoughtfulness, Handing over responsibility, Respect for patient choice, Avoidance of righting reflex, Collaborating (not arguing)
REBT Psych health
Appreciation of others, social interest, self-direction & creative pursuits, Acceptance of ambiguity, flexibility, high frustration tolerance, thinking logically/scientifically/rationally, taking sensible risks, accept responsibility for own emotional difficulties, realizing we can't always be happy
social theory
client's ability to generate social support
REBT Evaluation
needs more study with problems and different groups, may pay too little attention to history, efficient, teaches/empowers, straightforward, can be integrated
REBT's Theory of Therapeutic Processes
consciousness raising (aware of irrational thinking patterns), counterconditioning (replace irrational thinking with rational thinking), contingency management (rearrange reinforcements to support behavior changes)
Limitations of the PCT
Cultural considerations, Lack of focus on the use of specific techniques makes standardization difficult, Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and challenges to clients, Limits of the therapist as a person may interfere with developing a genuine therapeutic relationship
Person-Centered Therapy Emphasis
Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people, The person's innate striving for self-actualization, The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, The counselor's creation of a permissive "growth-promoting" climate, People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship
Person-Centered Therapy is a reaction
against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches,
IPT Diagnosing
medical model, Defining psych problem as independent of the client's personality or character, Offers a hopeful, optimistic, empowering & forward looking approach, Assigned the sick role - excuses the person from self-blaming
REBT Therapeutic Process
Therapy is seen as an educational process; Clients learn to identify the interplay of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors; Clients learn to identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by self-indoctrination; Clients learn to replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational cognitions; Clients learn to stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs
Possible IPT Applications
substance abuse, Axis I
PCT Growth-Promoting Climate
Congruence (Genuineness), Unconditional positive regard ( Acceptance of clients as a valuable person and as they presently are but not approval of all client behavior), Accurate empathic understanding (ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world, helper attitudes are more important than knowledge
PCT Therapeutic Processes
combination of consciousness raising and corrective emotional experience, Therapists control the process of therapy but not the content, use facilitative conditions (genuineness, positive regard, empathy)
REBT ABC Theory of Personality
activating event (A)+belief (B)=consequences (C);Change Beliefs and create a new consequence (new feeling) by disputing intervention (D)+ effective philosophy (E)= new feeling (F)
IPT Treatment example (Role Transition)
Role transition - redefine & label the chaos felt as a role transition involving the loss of a familiar old role & potential assumption of a new one
REBT View of Human Nature
inborn potential for rational and irrational thinking, biological/cultural tendency to think crookedly and needlessly disturb ourselves, we learn/invent disturbing beliefs and keep ourselves disturbed through self-talk, we have capacity to change our cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes
Rogers' Core Conditions for the Therapeutic Environment (Client)
self-concept (low at beginning), Locus-of-Evaluation (what others think), Experiencing (initially rigid) are all addressed in an environment of trust
Empirically Supported IPT Applications
Deppression, bulimia
PCT 6 Conditions for Personality Change
1 two persons are in psychological contact, 2 The client, is experiencing incongruence, 3 The therapist is congruent or integrated in the relationship 4 The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring for the client 5 The therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client 6 The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved
M Spirit
focus on client's concerns, arguments for change elicited from client, counselor helps client examine ambivalence, direct persuasion, confrontation & argumentation are avoided, collaborative
Interpersonal Distress
Acute Interpersonal Crisis (stressor) + Social Support + Biopsychosocial (Vulnerability)
Interpersonal Distress
Acute Interpersonal Crisis
REBT Mustabutory belief systems examples
I must be perfect and loveable ALL the time, Other people must always treat me kindly & fairly or I can't stand it & they are evil people who should be punished for mistreating me, Life must go the way I want it to go & must never be too difficult or frustrating
REBT's Theory of Psychopathology
Psychopathology occurs when irrational beliefs cause emotional consequences, Psychopathology explained by ABC's
REBT Relationship Cognitive (thoughts, beliefs, attitudes)+emotions+behaviors(actions)
all interconnected
REBT Main Qualities of Self-Disturbing Philosophies
rigid/dogmatic beliefs (musturbatory thinking), beliefs generate unrealistic & over-generalized attributions (catastrophizing)
PCT Therapeutic Relationship
Genuineness/congruence, positive regard, accurate empathy
Effectiveness of PCT
Research on empathy, genuineness, and positive regard are valuable contributors to outcome but are neither necessary nor sufficient; Meta-analyses found PCT was clearly superior to no treatment but barely better than placebo, PCT is slightly less effective than CBT
MI Applications
Anxiety (integration with CBT), OCD (motivation Tx refusing clients), Depression (prelude to & integration with CBT), Eating disorders (engagement, feedback), Substance use & addictions (Mandated clients)
REBT 3 levels of insight
1 Choose to upset ourselves, 2 Learn and maintain irrational beliefs, 3 See we need to work to change
Albert Ellis
sick as a child, decided not to be miserable, trained as a psychoanalyst, dissatisfied with inefficiency, read a lot of Greek and Asian philosophy, apprehensive about asking women on dates so forced himself to ask out 100 women
Motivational Interviewing
a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence
IPT Example of case formulation
"Your move from CA to NY has been very difficult for you. Your role transition has meant coming to a new city while loosing touch with friends & giving up a house you loved. We'll focus on how this role transition is related to your depression and explore how you can make this transition more manageable for you.
Attachment Theory of Psychopathology
Relationships affect mood, & mood affects; Relationships, Interpersonal disruption causes and results from depression; Disorders surface when situational stressors expose inability to cope
PCT Therapist
focuses on quality of the therapeutic relationship, provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the client is the agent of change and healing, serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness, Is genuine (integrated, and authentic), can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client, is invested in developing his or her own life experiences to deepen self-knowledge and move toward self-actualization
Attachment theory
way in which individuals form, maintain & end relationships - humans
IPT Theoretical underpinnings
Attachment theory, Communication & social theory
PCT Applications
Addictive behaviors (Largest evidence base), Health Behaviors (HIV risk reduction, adopting exercise & healthy eating habits,
REBT Change through Thoughts
accept responsibility for creating your emotional problems, stem from irrational beliefs, focus on present thoughts, doesn't focus extensively on roots, forceful and creative strategies used, positive results occur when clients gain awareness of irrational beliefs & take effective action to change them, teach client the skills to become own therapist
IPT Therapuetic Relationship
Patient advocate, not neutral commentator, Not a manifestation of transference, IPT rarely nalyzes the interpersonal relationship in psychotherapy, Therapist expresses empathy and warmth but not unconditional acceptance
Rogers' Core Conditions for the Therapeutic Environment (Therapist)
Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard, Congruence create an environment of trust
Principles of MI
Express Empathy, accept resistance, Support self-efficacy, Develop Discrepancy
REBT Goals
Goal oriented, focus on changes in beliefs & symptom reduction, de-emphasizes process, enabling people to learn the cognitive skills that promote rationale thinking
IPT after formulation
Tx focuses on the interpersonal problem area
MI is not
transtheoretical model, A way of tricking people into doing something they don't want to do, a technique, a form of PCT, Consciously goal directed & strategic
Future Directions of PCT
Methods assimilated by mainstream therapies, Slowly declining in popularity in USA, Empathy making a comeback, Needs to maintain openness to integration with other psychotherapy systems and active and eclectic methods in era of short-term treatments, Motivational Interviewing is on the rise
PCT Therapeutic Process Goal
increase congruence between self and experience
PCT Challenges
the assumption that "the counselor knows best," the validity (of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis and interpretation), belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems without direct help, the focus on problems over persons
Obtaining client agreement
1. Client MUST agree on the salience of the problem proposed and to work on it. 2. Need to limit the choice to one area to avoid diffuse Tx 3. Client buy in suggest you have chosen a "good enough" focus
REBT Mustubatory evaluations
involve overgeneralizations, judgments of self & others, and inflexibility
PCT Theory of Personality
Basic motivating force is actualization, inborn with actualizing forces that motivate us, valuing processes that regulate us, We create our subjective world, Acquire conditions of worth, Need for unconditional positive regard
Development of REBT
Adler's emphasis on social system & importance of goals & purpose, changed names -RT -RET -REBT, emphasizes thoughts but views emotions, behaviors & thoughts intertwined
Motivational Interviewing History
William R. Miller, Combines elements of person-centered style and strategy, Found therapist empathy (not tx method) predicted success of therapy for problem drinkers, Research supports MI's effectiveness, developed by psychologists, confront and persuade equals resistance

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