NC3- Needs of the Child Bearing Family
Terms
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- asphyxia
- condition of hypoxemia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the blood) & acidosis
- Thermal stimulation
- sudden chilling of the infant who leaves a warm environment and enters a relatively cooler atmosphere. This abrupt change in temperature excites sensory impulses in the skin that are transmitted to the respiratory center
- Factors that predispose the newborn to heat loss
- 1.The newborn's large surface area facilitates heat loss to the environment, 2. The newborn's thin layer of SC fat provides poor circulation of heat. 3. The newborn's mechanism for producing heat is different from that of the adult, who can increae heat production through shivering. The chilled neonate cannot shiver
- How does a newborn produce heat?
- The neonate produces heat through nonshivering thermogenesis, which involves increased metabolism and O2 consumption
- enzyme that contributes to physiologic jaundice of the newborn
- glucuronul transferase
- Newborn is prone to hypoglycemia because
- the liver stores less glycogen at birth than later in life
- hypoglycemia in newborn is prevented by
- early feeding
- stomach capacity of newborn
- 90mL
- specific gravity of a newborn's urine
- 1.020
- milia
- plugging of the sabaceous glands
- ecrine glands
- produce sweat in response to heat or emotional stimuli
- eye of the newborn and the ciliary muscles
- ciliary muscles are immature, limiting the ability of the eyes to accommodate and focus on an object for any length of time
- when does the tear gland develope in the new born
- tear glands usually do not begin to function until 2-4 weeks of age
- How far can a newborn focus
- as far as 8" or 20cm
- 4 phases of physical assessment of the newborn
- 1.the initial assessment using the Apgar scoring system, 2.Transitional assessment during the periods of reactivity, 3.Assessment of gestational age, 4.Systematic physical examination
- Apgar score
- based on observation of heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability and color
- Scores of Apgar
- 0-3 represent severe distress, 4-6 represents moderate difficulty and 7-10 indicate absence of difficulty in adjusting to extrauterine life
- full term infant avg head circumference
- 33-35cm (13-14 inches)
- chest circumference of a newborn
- 30.5-33cm (12-13")
- crown to rump measurement of the newborn
- 31-35cm (12.5-14") approx. equal to the head circumference
- Avg lenth of the newborn
- 48-53cm (19-21")
- most birth wgt are
- 2700-4000g (6-9lbs)
- Schedule for monitoring VS in the new born
- on admission to the nursery, once q 30min, until the newborn has been stable for 2 hours, once very 8 hrs until discharge
- vertex presentation
- top of head: the highest point of a body part, especially the top or crown of the head
- general appearance-behavior
- behavior is carefully noted, especially the degree of alertness, drowsiness and irritability, which are common signs of neurological problems
- bones that make up the cranium
- frontal, occipital, two parietals, and two temporals
- shape of anterior fontanel
- diamond shaped
- shape of posterior fontanel
- triangular shaped
- what causes the fontanel to bulge
- coughing, crying or lying down
- physiologic craniotabes
- snapping sensation similar to the indentation of a ping pong ball, may be found normally, especially in newborns of breech birth, but also may indicate hydrocephalus, congenital syphilis or rickets
- edema of the eyelid in the neonate
- edema is normally present for the first two days after delivery
- purulent discharge from the eyes in the neonate
- purulent discharge after birth in the neonate is abnormal
- frenulum
- band of thick, pink tissue that lies under the inner surface of the upper lip and extends to the maxillary alveolar ridge. Evident as the infant yawns or smiles. Disappears as the maxilla grows
- normal respirations of newborn
- 30-60 breaths/minute
- Crackles in the neonates lung
- Crackles soon after birth indicate the presence of fluid. Any prolonged crackles or wheezies over 2hrs should be reported for further investigating
- Point of maximum intensity
- usually found in the 4 and 5th intercostal space, medial to the left midclavicular line
- Dextrocardia
- an anomaly wherein the heart is on the right side of the body
- Murmur
- sound in chest: a soft blowing or fluttering sound, usually heard via a stethoscope, that originates from the heart, lungs, or arteries and may indicate disease or structural concerns. It is caused by turbulent blood flow.
- bowel sounds in the neonote
- heard in the first 15-20 minutes after birth
- pseuomenstruation
- manifestation of the abrupt decrease of maternal hormones- disappears in two weeks
- smegma
- white cheesy
- sign of spina bifida in the newborn
- protruding sac at sacrum
- sinus
- a widened channel containing blood, especially venous blood
- pilondal sinus
- a small sinus which may or may not be communicating with the spine. Frequently covered with a tuft of hair.
- polydactyly
- supernumerary digits
- syndactyly
- fusion of digits
- abscence of arm movement in a newborn signifies
- signifies a potential birth injury paralysis such as Klumpke or Erb-duchenne palsy
- hypotonia in newborn
- suggests some degree of hypoxia or neurologic disorder and is common in Down syndrome
- Asymmetry of muscle tone in new born
- may indicate a degree of paralysis from brain damage or nerve damage. Failure to move the LE suggests a spinal cord lesion or injury
- Tremors, twitches and myoclonic jerks
- characterize neonatal seizures or may indicate neonatial narcotic withdrawal syndrome. Quivering or momentary tremors are usually normal
- First period of reactivity
- 4-6 hours after birth the newborn is in the first period of reactivity
- VS during 1st period of reactivity
- respirations 80/min, crackles, HR 180/min, + bowel sounds, increased mucus and may experienced temperature
- Second stage of the 1st reactive period
- Lasts 2-4 hours. HR, RR decreased, Temp. decreased, no urine or stool passed, Very sleepy. Undressing or bathing S/B avoided
- Second period of reactivity
- begins when neonate awakes from a deep sleep, lasts 2-5 hours, alert and responsive, HR, RR increased, may pass meconium
- six sleep states in the infant
- quiet (deep) sleep, active (light) sleep, drowsy, awake (quiet) active alert, and crying
- Crying in the newborn
- Variation in initial crying can indicate abnormalities. A weak, groaning cry/grunting during expiration usually indicates resp. disturbance. Absent, weak/constant crying requires further investigation for possible drug withdrawal/neurologic problem
- how long to suction and infant orapharangeal
- performed for 5 seconds, with sufficient time between suctions
- atresia
- the often hereditary absence of a usual body opening such as the anus or ear canal
- cardinal sign of respiratory distress in the infant
- tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, intercostal retractions and cyanosis
- major cause of heat loss in the neonate
- evaporation and radiation (eg placing incubator close to a window, drafty doorway or air conditioning unit)
- Heat loss through conduction
- involves loss of heat from the body because of direct contact of skin with a cooker solid object.
- How to prevent conduction heat loss in the new born
- placing the newborn close to the mother, such as in her arms or on her abdomen immediatley after delivery
- Heat loss by convection
- similar to conduction except that heat loss is aided by surrounding air currents. (eg placing the infant in the direct flow of air fr. a fan/airconditioner vent will cause rapid heat loss through convection
- Vit K administration
- to prevent hemorrhage in the neonate
- Treatments used for ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis of the newborn)
- 1.silver nitrate 1%, (solution) 2.erythromucin 0.5%, (ointment/drops), 3. tetracycline 1% (ophthalmic ointment or drops)
- major cause of ophthalmia neonatorum
- chlamydia trachomatis
- major function of vitamin k
- to catalyze the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver, which is needed for clotting and coagulation
- how to reduce pain on IM injection in neonates
- give sucrose orally
- Diseases screened in the newborn routinely
- PKU, HIV
- cephalocaudal
- head to toe
- Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative(BFHI)
- joint effort of the WHO and UNCF to encourage, promote and support breast-feeding as the model for optimum infant nutrition.
- contraindications to breast feeding
- Maternal CA therapy, Active TB not under tx in mother, Galactosemia in infant, CMV, Maternal Substance abuse, Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1
- Contraindication for propping bottle in bottle feeding
- 1. It denies the infant the important component of close human contact. 2.Infant may aspirate formula while sleeping. 3.May facilitate development of middle ear infections. As the infant lies flat and sucks, milk that has pooled in the pharynx becomes a suitable medium for bacterial growth. Bacteria then enters the eustachina tube, which leads to the middle ear, causing acute otitis media. 4.Encourages continuous pooling of formula in the mouth which can lead to nursing caries when the teeth erupts
- effects of whole milk on an infant
- can cause intestinal bleeding and lead to iron-deficiency anemia
- contradindication in giving electrolyte free water
- causes water intoxication, hyponatremia, and subsequent seizures
- en face position
- in which mother's and infant's eyes meet in visual contact in the same vertical plain- significant for the formation of additional ties
- paternal engrossment
- forming a sense of absorption, preoccupation and interest in the infant
- monotropy
- a person can become optimally attached to only one individual at a time.
- taking in phase
- demonstrate passive and dependent behaviors
- Estrogen's action on the cervix
- estrogen stimulates the glandular tissue
- mucus plug
- thick tenacious mucus, seals endocervical canal, prevents bacteria from entering
- Goodell's sign
- softening of the cervix
- Chawick's sign
- blue purple cervix
- Corpus luteum
- secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrium, disintegrates after a while
- Estrogen's effect on the vagina
- causes thickening of the mucosa, loosening of the connetive tissue, increase in vaginal secretions
- Striae
- purplish stretch marks that slowly turns silver /p childbirth
- Tidal volume in pregnancy
- increases during pregnancy (amt of air breathed with ordinary respiration)
- vital capacity in pregnancy
- increased during pregnancy, (amt of air breathed that could be moved in and out of the lungs with forced respiration)
- Blood pressure during pregnancy
- decreases slightly during pregnancy, lowest point is in the 2nd trimester, gradullay increases in the third trimester. At term returns to prepregnancy state
- Dependent edema in pregnancy
- stagnation of blood in the LE, can cause varicose veins
- supine hypotensive syndrome aka vena caval syndrome
- pressure interferes with returning blood flow and produces a marked decrease in BP, dizziness, pallor and clamminess (lie on left side to prevent)
- Physiologic anemia of pregnancy
- called psuedoanemia, hematocrit decreased in pregnancy
- What causes N/V in pregnancy
- Increase in hCG,
- Ptyalism
- increased saliva during pregnancy
- pyrosis
- heartburn
- chloasma/melaqsma
- mark of pregnancy, irregular pigmentation of cheeks, nose and forehead
- Changes in the eye during pregnancy
- increased occular prressure, cornea thickens
- maternal reserves
- extra water, fat and protein are stored
- recommended wgt gain during pregnancy
- 25-35lbs
-
human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
human placental lactogen (hPL) - this hormone is an antogonist of insulin , (it increases the amt of circulating free fatty acids for maternal metabolic needs
- relaxin
- inhibits uterine activity,diminishes the strength of uterine contractions, aids in the softening of the cervix
- Three signs of pregnancy
- subjective/presumptive, objective/probable, positive/diagnostic
- subjective symptoms
- the symptoms the woman experiences and reports- can be caused by other symtoms
- primagravida
- pregnant for the first time
- objective - probable signs of pregnancy
- an examiner can percieve the objective changes that occur in pregnancy. They are more diagnostic than the subjective
- Heger's sign
-
softening of the isthmus ( narrow connection or passage between parts of the body
) of the uterus - Ladin's sign
- softening of the uterus /p six weeks
- Braun von fernwald's sign
- irregular softening of the and enlargement at the site of implantation in the uterus
- ballottement
- passive fetal movement elicited by pushing up against the cervix with two fingers, as fetus goes up examiner feels the fetus rebound
- piskacek's sign
- generalized enlargement and softening of the body of the uterus
- uterine souggle
- Heard when auscultaing the abd. over the uterus. Soft blowing sound at the same rate as the maternal pulse and is due to the increased uterine vascularization and the blood pulsating through the placenta
- diagnostic (positive) changes
- positive signs of pregnancy are completely objective, cannot be confused with pathologic states and offer conclusive proof of pregnancy
- introversion in pregnancy
- turning in on oneself- common occurence in pregnancy
- couvade
- traditionally referred to the observance of certain rituals and taboos by the male to signify the transition to fatherhood
- couvade syndrome
- male unintensional development of physical symptoms during partner's pregnancy eg, increased appetite, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, depression, headache, or backache
- antepartum
- time between conception and onset of labor
- intrapartum
- time from onset of labor until the birth of the infant and placenta
- gravida
- any pregnancy, regardless of duration including present pregnancy
- primigravida
- woman who is in her first pregnancy
- spider nevi (angioma)
- also known as "nevus araneus," are a type of angioma found slightly below the skin's surface. They often contain a central red spot, and reddish extensions that radiate outward like a spider's web.
- EDC
- Estimated date of confinement
- indication of lag in the progression of funda height
- may indicate intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
- clinical pelvimetry
- performed by physician and by APRN, series of assessments and measurements
- diagonal conjugate
- the distance from the lower orderof the symphysispubis to the sacral promontory
- obstetric conjugate
- smallest and thus the most important anteroposterior diameter through which the fetus must pass.
- sudden gush of fluid from the vagina
- premature rupture of membranes
- vaginal bleeding
- abruptio placentae, placenta previa
- abd pain
- premature labor, abruptio placenta
- temperature 101(38.3C) and chills
- infection
- dizziness, blurring vision double vision, spots before eyes
- hypertension, preeclampsia
- persistent vomiting
- hyperemesis gravidarum
- severe headache
- hypertension, preeclampsia
- edema of hands, face, legs and feet
- preeclampsia
- muscular irritability, convulsions
- pre-eclampsia, eclampsia
- epigastric pain
- preeclampsia, ischemia in major abdominal vessel
- oliguria
- renal impairment, decreased fluid intage
- dysuria
- UTI
- absence of fetal movement
- maternal medication, obesity, fetal death
- Rapid growth of uterus
- mutiple gestation, hydatidiform mole, hydramnios, miscalculation of EDB
- hydatidform mole
- hydatidiform mole (or mola hydatidiforma) is a disease of trophoblastic proliferation. It can mimic pregnancy, causes high human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels and therefore gives false positive readings of pregnancy tests.
- hydramnios
- (hydramnios) is the medical condition of too much amniotic fluid in the Amniotic sac. It is seen in 0.5 to 2% of pregnancies.
- polyhydramnios
-
Polyhydramnios is generally due to maternal diabetes, can be caused by fetal abnormalities -Anencephaly, Esophageal atresia and Duodenal atresia. It may accompany chromosomal abnormalities s/a Down's syndrome.
In a multiple gestation pregnancy, Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is usually the cause. - Risks of polyhydramnios
- There are a number of risks that are increased in polyhydramnios including cord prolapse, placental abruption and perinatal death. At delivery the baby should be checked for congenital abnormalities.
- Nursing diagnosis for prenatal period
- constipation R/T the physiologic effects of pregnancy, Altered sexuality pattersn R/T discomfort during late pregnancy
- priorities of care for prenatal care
- priority care based on the most immediate needs or concerns perceived by the woman.
- urinary frequency (pregnancy)
- pressure of uterus on bladder in both first and third trimester
- nasal stuffiness and nosebleeds (pregnancy)
- caused by increased levels of estrogen, fix by: using astringent mouthwashes, chew gum or suck hard candy
- leg cramps on pregnancy
- inbalance of calcium/phosphorus ratio increased pressure of uterus on nerves fatigue, poor circulation to LE,
- Relief of heartburn
- limit fatty foods, control portions, avoid lying down /p eating
- Contraindications to excercise during pregnancy
- ROM, Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, Incompetent cervix, persistent vaginal bleeding, multiple gestation at risk for preterm labor, Hx of preterm labor, placenta previa, chronic conditions that might be negatively affected by excercise
- Category A with drugs
- controlled studies in women have demonstrated no associated fetal risk eg Vit C. few drugs fall into this category
- Category B with drugs
- Either animal studies show no risk, but there are no controlled studies in women/animal studies indicate a risk, but controlled human studies fail to show a risk eg PCN
- Category C with drugs
- no adequate studies, either in animals or women are available or animal studies show teratogenic effects, but no controlled studies in women are available-many drugs fall into this category,
- Category D with drugs
- Evidence of human fetal risk does exist, but the benefit of the drug in certain situations are thought to outweigh the risks, eg: tetracycline, vincristine, lithium and hydrochlorothiazide
- Category X with drugs
- The demonstrated fetal risks clearly outweigh any possible benefit
- Three critical components of an effective smoking cessation program
- assessment, education and support
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- characterized by growth restriction, behavioral disturbances, craniofacial abnormalities and brain, cardiac and spinal defects
- macrosomia
- large for gestational age
- Nursing diagnosis of older women
-
1. Decisional Conflict R/T unexpected pregnancy
2.Impaired social Interaction R/T changes associated with pregnancy - Dietary reference intake divided into two areas
- Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI)
- calorie
- the amt. of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade (the amt of energy obtained from food)
- recommended daily req calcium intake for pregnant women 19yo/older, 18yo and younger
- 1300mg/day 1000mg/day respectively
- recommended daily req phospherous intake for pregnant women 19yo/older, 18yo and younger
- 1250mg/day, 700mg/day respectively
- idodine intake for pregnant woman
- 220mg/day
- magnesium recommendation for pregnancy
- 320mg/day
- megaloblastic anemia
- Megaloblastic anemia is anemia resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid.
- major adverse maternal effects of cocaine use
- seizures, hallucinations, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and cardiac problems
- Risk to pregnancy with cocaine abuse
- increased R/O abruptio placentae, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth
- Risk to fetus with cocaine buse
- small head circumference, cerebral infarctions, shorter body length, altered brain development, malformation of the genitourinary tract and lower Apgar scores, neurobehavioral disturbances, marked irritability, an exaggerated startle reflex, labile emotions, and increased risk of SIDS.
- emotional effects of cocaine on neonate
- poor interactive behaviors, difficulty responding appropriatley to voices, fail to respond well to consoling behaviors.
- Cocaine use after childbirth
- Cocaine does cross into the brease milk and may cause such symptoms in the breast feeding infant as extreme irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils and apnea.
- Nursing DX for drug addiction
- 1.Altered Nutrition: Less than body requirements R/T inadequate food intake secondary to stubstance abuse 2. Risk for Infection R/T use of inadequatley cleaned syringes and needles secondary to IV drug use 3. Risk for altered health maintenance R/T a lack of information about the impace of substance abuse on the fetus
- Risk of ketoacidosis
- can lead to death of mother and fetus if not treated
- dystocia
- difficult labor
- primary goal of controlling maternal insulin
- prevent neonatal hypoglycemia
- best choice of contraception for diabetic women
- barrier method (diaphragm and condom) used with spermicide - oral contraceptives are contraindicated
- Nrsg Dx diabetic patients
- Risk for Altered Nutrition: More than Body Requirements R/T imbalance between intake and available insulin; Risk for injury R/T possible complications secondary to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia; Altered Family Process R/T to the need for hospitalization secondary to GDM
- which side of the finger is best for a finger stick
- sides
- Sx of hypoglycemia
- sweating, periodic tingling, disorientation, shakiness, pallor, clammy skin, irritability, hunger, headache, and blurred vision
- symptoms of hyperglycemia
- dry mouth, fatigue, nausea, hot flushed skin, rapid deep breathing, abd cramps, acetone breat, headache, drowsiness, depressed reflexes, oliguria or anuri, stupor, coma
- Risks of anemia on the neonate
- prematurity, stillbirth, neonatal death in infants with severe anemia in women
- Folic acid action
- needed for DNA and RNA synthesis and cell duplication
- Folic acid deficiency
- neural tube defects,- spina befida, anencephaly, meningomyelocele.
- Risks of Sickle cell anemia in the pregnant female
- increased risk of nephritis, bacteriuria, hematuria and anemic
- Dx for pregant woman with sickle cell anemia
- pain R/T the effects of siecke cell crisis; Risk of Altered health Maintenance R/T lack of understanding of the need to avoid exposure to infection secondary to the risk of sickle cell crisis
- Thalassemia
- "Cooley's anemia", is an inherited disease of the red blood cells, classified as a hemoglobinopathy. The genetic defect results in synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin molecule. The blood cells are vulnerable to mechanical injury and die easily. To survive, many people with thalassemia need blood transfusions at regular intervals.
- B-thalassemia and iron
- women /c b-thalassemia should not receive iron, it damages the heart and liver
- emergency care of tetralogy of fallot
- Consequential acute hypoxia may be treated with beta-blockers such as propranolol, but acute episodes may require rapid intervention with oxygen, morphine to reduce ventilatory drive and phenylephrine to increase blood pressure. There are also simple procedures such as the knee-chest position which reduces systemic venous return (to reduce the right-to-left shunting), increases systemic vascular resistance (& hence blood pressure) & and provides a calming effect when the procedure is performed by the parent.
- tetralogy of fallot
- blue baby syndrome- ventral septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, ventriculary hypertrophy
- Marfan Syndrome
- Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by unusually long limbs. The disease also affects other bodily structures — including the lungs, eyes, heart and blood vessels — in less obvious ways.
- Class I: individual with heart disease
- Individuals /c cardiac disease but /c no resulting limitation of physical activity and no symptoms of cardiac insufficiency
- Class II: individual with heart disease
- individuals with cardiac disease that results in slight limitation of physical activity
- Class III: individual with heart disease
- individual /c cardiac disease that results in marked limitationof physical activity
- Class IV: individual with heart disease
- individuals /c cardiac disease that results in the inability to carry on any physical activity /s experiencing discomfort, even at rest experience symptoms
- Nursing dx of heart diseased pregnant patient
- Decreased Cardiac Output: easy fatigability; Impaired Gas Exchange R/T pulmonary edema secondary to cardiac decompensation; Fear R/T the effects of the maternal cardiac condition on fetal well-being
- symptoms of CHF in the pregnant patient
- cough (freq. /c or /s hemoptysis); dyspnea, (progressive , upon exertion, edema, (progressive, generalized, including extremities, face, eyelids; heart murmurs (heard on ausculation, palpitations, rales (auscultated in lung bases)
- Main causes of bleeding in pregnancy in the 1st and 2nd trimester
- abortion/miscarraige; ectopic pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease
- gestational trophoblastic disease
- GTD) includes hydatidiform mole (HM), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma (CCA) and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT), exaggerated placenta site (EPS) and placental site nodule (PSN).
- threatened abortion
- unexplained bleeding, cramping or bachache indicate that the fetus may be in jeopardy
- Nursing Dx for lost pregnancy
- Fear R/T the risk of pregnancy loss; Pain R/T abdominal crampin secondary to threateened abortion; Anticipatory Grieving R/T expected loss of unborn child
- Nursing Dx for ectopic pregnancy
- Anticipatory grieving R/T the loss of the pregnancy; Pain R/T abdominal bleeding secondary to tubal rupture; Health seedking behavior: information about the tx of ectopic pregnancy R/T an expressed desire to gain better understanding of the condition & its longterm implications
- tocolysis
- use of medication to stop labor. (premature labor)
- Iv hydration in preterm labor
- Iv hydration /c lrg amt.s of hypertonic fluids increases the risk of pulmonary edema and should be used /c caution
- Sx & Sx of preterm labor
- 1.contractions 10/< with or without pain, 2.Mild menstrual like cramps felt low in the abd,3. Constant/intermittent feelings of pelvic pressure that may feel like the baby pressing, 4. ROM, 5.Low dull backache,constant/intermittent,6.Change in vaginal discharge, clear and watery - pinkish.7.abdominal cramping with out without diarrhia
- Maternal risk of preeclampsia
- abruptio placenta, subcapsular hematoma of the liver, thrombocytopenia, acute tubular necrosis
- scotoma
- spots before the eyes
- intravascular
- within the blood vessels -The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. The most important types, arteries and veins, are so termed because they carry blood away from or towards the heart, respectively
- extravascular
- Located or occurring outside a blood or lymph vessel.
- gestational hypertension
- transient hypertension- occurs when transient elevation of bp occurs for the first time after midpregnancy without proteinuria
- Sentization Rh most commonly occurs
- when a Rh(-) woman carries an Rh(+) fetus, also occurs ehn an Rh(-) nonpregnant woman recieves an Rh(+) transfusion, experiences Rh(+) tubal pregnancy, has an amniocentesis or any other traumatic event
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
- hemolysis
- Hemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Latin Hemo-, Greek Αἷμα meaning blood, -lysis, meaning to break open— is the breaking open of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid (plasma, in vivo).
- hydrops fetalis
- Hydrops fetalis is a blood condition in the fetus characterized by an edema in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to spontaneous abortion.
- risks of rubella on the neonate
- congenital cataracts, sensorineural deafness, and congenital heart defects (patent ductus arteriosus), mental retardation, cerebral palsy.
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Antiphospholipid syndrome is a disorder of coagulation which causes thrombosis in both arteries and veins, as well as recurrent miscarriage
- hemoglobinopathy
- Hemoglobinopathy is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. Most common hemoglobinopathies include sickle-cell disease and thalassemia.
- Biophysical Profile- NST
- an assessmentof 5 fetal biophysical variables, feta HR acceleration, fetal breathing, fetal movements, fetal tone, amniotic fluid volume
- fetal tone
- flexion of the extremities
- one of the first indications of fetal compromise is
- a nonreactive NST
- Risk of poorly functioning placenta
- results in diminished fetal renal perfusionk leading to oligohydramnios
- Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
- used to describe any fetus that falls below the 10th percentile in ultrasonic estimation of weight at a given gestational age.
- Three ways to describe a small fetus
- low birth weight, small for gestational age, and intrauterine growth restriction
- trisomy 13
- Patau syndrome, also known as trisomy 13, is a chromosomal aberration, a disease in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to a non disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. Most cases of Patau syndrome result from trisomy 13, which means each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the usual two copies
- trisomy 18
- a genetic disorder. It is the second most common trisomy after Down Syndrome. It is caused by the presence of three — instead of two — chromosomes 18 in a fetus or baby's cells
- trisomy 21
- Down syndrome (also Down's syndrome) or trisomy 21 is a genetic condition resulting from the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. Down syndrome is characterized by a combination of major and minor abnormalities of body structure and function. Among features present in nearly all cases are impairment of learning and physical growth, and a recognizable facial appearance usually identified at birth.
- L/S ratio
- lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio
- Diseases detected by Chorionic Vill Sampling (CVS)
- sickle cell anemia, alpha & some beta thalassemias, phenylketonurea, alpha antitrypsin deficiency, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and factor IX deficiency
- Risks of Chorionic Ville Sampling (CVS)
- spontaneous abortion as well as ROM, leakage of amniotic fluid, bleeding, intrauterine infection, maternal tissue contamination of the specimen and RH isoimmunization
- Rh isoimmunization
- Incompatibility between an infant's blood type and that of its mother, resulting in destruction of the infant's red blood cells (hemolytic anemia) during pregnancy and after birth by antibodies from its mother's blood.
- percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
- aka cordocentesis used to obtain pure fetal blood from the umbilical cord while the fetus is in utero