Islam and Byzantine Empire
Terms
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- In what city did Islam begin?
- Mecca
- Where did Charles Martel and the Franks successfully defeat the Muslim invasion of Europe?
- Battle of Tours (France)
- Where were "Arabic" numerals first developed?
- India (during the Gupta Dynasty)
- What is a caliph?
- successor to Muhammad (ruler)
- What is a hajj?
- pilgrimage to Mecca (one of the 5 Pillars)
- Who is the final prophet of Islam?
- Muhammad
- What is the Quran?
- the holy book for Muslims; God's word to Muhammad
- What are the three monotheistic religions that share many beliefs?
- Judaism, Christianity and Islam
- What word refers to someone who practices Islam?
- Muslim
- What does "Islam" mean?
- submission/sacrifice to God
- What are the Five Pillars in general terms?
- they are the five duties that Muslims must follow
- What are the Five Pillars in specific terms?
-
faith/belief
fast during Ramadan
give alms/charity
make a pilgrimage/hajj to Mecca
pray 5 times a day - What is Ramadan?
- the holiest month for Muslims
- What caused th Sunni-Shi'a schism?
- differences over the rightfully successor to Muhammad
- Why was the Battle of Tours important?
- it prevented Muslim expansion into Europe; preserved Christianity in Europe
- Why were Muslims successful in their expansion?
-
united by faith
weaknesses of other empires
skilled and well-organized military - What were the results of Muslim expansion?
- increased trade; destruction of Byzantine and Persian Empires, increased conflict with Christianity and Judaism
- What area did Islam expand into from 632 to 1200 AD?
- Spain, North Africa, southwest Asia
- Why did Muslims expand into sub-Saharan and western Africa?
- trade (gold for salt)
- Where did Islam begin?
- Arabian Peninsula
- What language unifies the people of the Muslim faith?
- Arabic
- What are the holy cities for Muslims?
- Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Jerusalem, Baghdad
- In which fields did Muslim scholars make many achievements?
- medicine (pharmacies, continued scientific exploration of sicknesses), math (esp. Algebra and Arabic numerals), architecture, literature, calligraphy
- What is the Dome of the Rock?
- holy site for Jews and Muslims where Muslims believe Muhammad rose to heaven
- Who is Allah?
- Muslim name for God
- What was the name of the great Byzantine Emperor who codified Roman laws?
- Justinian
- What were four geographical advantages of Constantinople?
- easily protected, distant from Germanic invaders, easily fortified peninsula, it had great harbors, it was the crossroads of east-west and north-south trade, proxmity to the Silk Road
- Define proximity
- closeness
- Who moved the Roman capital to Byzantium?
- Constantine
- What city served as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire?
- Constantinople
- What cultures were preserved by the Byzantine Empire?
- Greek and Roman
- What was the primary language of the Byzantine Empire?
- Greek
- What is a schism?
- a split or division, usually religious
- What was the most important unifying force in the Byzantine Empire?
- Eastern Orthodox Christianity
- What "new religion" was formed as a result of the East-West Schism?
- Eastern Orthodox Christianity
- Describe the power of the Byzantine Emperor?
-
supreme power over government, religion and law
totalitarian - Who was Cyril?
- An Orthodox missionary who spread Eatern Orthodox Christianity to the people of Eastern Euopre, especially the Rus
- What were three Byzantine architectural/artistic acccomplishments?
- mosaics, dome, icons, Hagia Sophia
- What was the name of the Byzantine emperor who reconquered many Roman lands?
- Justinian
- What was the name of the Byzantine Emperor who greatly expanded trade?
- Justinian
- Who was the Christian missionary who adopted a Slavic alphabet and spread it to Eastern Europe?
- Cyril
- What language was used by later Byzantine emperors?
- Greek
- What factors produced the schims between the Roman Church and the Byzantine Church?
-
Latin v Greek
pope v patriarch
celibacy v non-celibacy
icons v no icons - What is an icon?
- a religious picture or symbol of spiritual importance
- What is celibacy
- no sexual relations/no marriage
- Where was the Eastern Church centered?
- Constantinople
- Where was the Western Church centered?
- Rome