Exam I Microbiology 2420
Terms
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- Microbiology
- The study of small life (can't be seen with the naked eye)
- Bacteriology
-
Study of bacteria
(Subdivision of Microbiology) - Mycology
-
Study of Fungi
(Subdivision of Microbiology) - Protozoology
-
Study of Protozoans
e.g. Amoeba, Euglena,
------ -------
Paramecium
---------- - Parasitology
-
Study of Parasites (worms)
(Round worms, Flukes, and Flat worms - Virology
- Study of Viruses and other non-cellular parasites (not living)
- Immunology
- Study of Immune System (defense of disease and infection, white blood cells, antibodies)
- Public Health
-
Monitor diseases
WHO: World Health Organization
CDC: Center of Disease Control - Food
-
Good: microbes create food like cheese, yogurt, beer
Bad: Food borne infection like salmonella - Agriculture
- Protection of plants from disease and insects.
- Biotechnology
- Industrial such as drug production, vitamins, enzymes in detergents, alcohols, plastics
- Genetic and DNA technology
- Gene splicing, cloning, stem cell research, paternity testing
- Zecharias Janssen
- Invented first compound microscope
- Robert Hook
- First to see and name the cell
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
-
Described the three basic shapes of bacteria.
"Father of Microbiology" - Francesco Redi
- Devoted life to disproving Abiogenesis
- Lazzaro Spallazani
- Conducted Experiments to disprove abiogenesis. Worked with microbes
- Edward Jenner
-
Created the first vaccine
cow pox----->small pox - Theodor Schwann
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All living organisms are composed of cells.
Cell Theory - Matthias Schleiden
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All living organisms are composed of cells.
Cell Theory - Ignaz Semmelweis
- Implemented good antiseptic conditions for hospitals (washing hands, bedding, instruments) and saw death rate decrease
- John Snow
- Some diseases are communicable
- Rudolf Virchow
-
First to observe and report mitosis (cell division)
Cell Theory - Louis Pasture
- Discovered 2 types of bacteria-aerobic and anaerobic, heating foods/liquids enough will kill aerobic bacteria, found the cures for many diseases, and final disproving of abiogenesis through experiements using invention the swan neck flask
- Joseph Lister
- Documented use of disinfectants during surgical procedures and death rates decreased.
- Robert Koch
- Nobel prize winner for method of finding the cause of diseases.
- Koch's Postulate
-
Four Step Proof of Disease
1. The Same Microorganism must be found in all animals with the same disease
2. The microorganism is removed from host and grown in pure cultures.
3. When injected into a healthy host, the host will show symptoms of the disease.
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the infected host. - Paul Ehrlich
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First Antibiotic
(syphyllis) and designed system for determining best treatment for a disease. - Gerhard Damagk
- Sulfa Drugs as antibiotic
- Alexander Fleming
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Discovered Penicillin
(Nobel Prize) - Howard Florey
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Experiments to study and purify and the promoted mass production of penicillin
(Nobel Prize) - Ernest Chain
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Experiments to study and purify and the promoted mass production of penicillin
(Nobel Prize) - James Watson
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Established the molecular structure of DNA
(Nobel Prize) - Francis Crick
-
Established the molecular structure of DNA
(Nobel Prize) - Maurice Wilkins
-
Established the molecular structure of DNA
(Nobel Prize) - Rosalinda Franklin
- Established the molecular structure of DNA using x-ray photos
- Linus Pauling
- Discovered that some diseases are due to mutations (precurser to cancer research) (Nobel Prize)
- Jonas Salk
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Developed first Polio Vaccine
Series of injections (x3) - Albert Sabin
- Developed second Polio Vaccine-Oral (1x)
- Luc Montagnier
- Discovered HIV-the cause of AIDS
- Ian Wilmut
- Cloned first mammal (sheep)
- Taxonomy
- Study of Classification
-
Carolus Linnaeus
(Carl von Linne) - Developed classification system used by the US and Europe
- Taxonomic Hierachy
-
Domain---> Species
Broad----> Specific - Binomial System
-
Two name System
Uses Latin or Greek because languages are "dead" so they don't change - Taxa
- Levels of Classification
- What is the order of Taxa
- Domain, Kingdom, Division (Phylum), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- Supers and Subs
-
Two additional groups between each taxa
Subdomain
Superkingdom
etc - Eukarya
- (Domain) composed of cells with a membrane bound nucleus
- Plantae
- (Kingdom) multi-cellular, photosynthetic, cell walls made of cellulose
- Fungi
- (Kingdom) multi-cellular or single celled, non- photosynthetic, cell walls made of chitin
- Animalia
- (Kingdom) Mulit-cellular, non-photosynthetic, no cell wall (only cell membrane)
- Protista
-
(Kingdom) Uni-cellular (single cell), photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic, most do not have a cell wall, but some do.
Amoeba, Egluena, Paramecium
------ ------- ---------- - Prokarya
- (Domain) composed of cells (or a single cell) that does not have a membrane bound nucleus
- Archeabacteria
-
(Kingdom) Old or ancient bacteria. Atypical, living in extreme elements
(Mendosicutes) - Eubacteria
- (Kingdom) "True Bacteria" Typical bacteria found everywhere
- Gracilicutes
- (Division) These bacteria have a gram negative cell wall
- Firmicutes
- (Division) These bacteria have a gram positive cell wall
- Tenericutes
- (Division) These bacteria lack a cell wall
- Species
- The only definable Taxa
- Species Definition for Eukarya
- A group of similarly constructed organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring in nature.
- Species Definition for Prokarya
- A population of cells with similar characteristics
- Rules for naming a species
-
1. Species always includes the genus name and the specific epithet
2. The genus is always capitalized. The specific epithet is always lower case.
3. The species name is always underlined or in italics.
4. Abbreviations may be acceptable if it is referenced first and then abbreviated closely thereafter. - Non-living biological material
- Obligate intercellular parasites-inside a host cell and cause damage when reproducing but not alive
- Virus
- Composed of two components-a Capsid Outer protein shell and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) inside
- Viroid
- A short piece of RNA
- Prion
-
Proteinacious Infectious Particles
Protein Globuals
(neurological infections
e.g. mad cow) - Prokaryotic Cells
-
No nucleus in cell
Single chromosome in a circle shape - Eukaryotic Cells
- "True Nucleus" Nucleus in cell, many chromosomes X shaped, membrane bound nucleus
- Cell Appendages
- Stuctures that protrude out of the cell
- Flagellum
- Long hair-like structures (protein) for motility
- Monotrichous
- one flagellum (hair)
- Lophotrichous
- four or more flagellum
- Amphitrichous
- term for bipolar tuffs
- Peritrichous
- flagellum coming out everywhere at random
- Polar
- Flagellum only comes out at one end
- Bipolar
- Flagellum comes out at both ends
- Pilus
- long tube sticking out from cell, used to exchange DNA for genetic variability
- Fimbria
- short numerous projections for motility
- Cell Envelope
- Coating around outside of cell for protection and adherance (sticky) Polysaccaride or protein
- Capsule
- cell envelope is equally distributed around the cell
- Slime layer
- cell envelope is not equally distributed around cell, irregular.
- Cell Wall
- Semi-ridged structure. Gives cell it's shape. Function is for protection and support
- Gram Positive Wall
- Cell wall composed of several layers thick of peptidoglycan and amino acids
- Gram Negative Wall
- Cell Wall composed of an outer membrane and a single layer of peptidoglycan and amino acids
-
Gram Stain:
Crystal Violet - Purple for both + and -
-
Gram Stain:
Gram's Iodine - Purple for both + and -
-
Gram Stain:
Alcohol -
Purple for +
Clear for - -
Gram Stain:
Safranin -
Purple for +
Red/Pink for - - non-typical Wall
- Bacterial cell will have no cell wall.
- Cell Membrane
- Composed of 40% phospholipids and 60% proteins; semi-selective membrane regulates what goes in or out through diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion.
- Cytoplasm
- 90% water; also carbs, proteins, and vitamins
-
Nucleoid
(prokaryotic cell) - Area where the chromosome stays
-
Chromosome
(prokaryotic cell) - Single circular chromosome
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Plasmid
(prokaryotic cell) - extra piece of DNA in nucleoid
-
Ribosome
(prokaryotic cell) -
produce protein-free floating
60% rRNA
40% protein -
Inclusions
(prokaryotic cell) - Storage areas for gases and fluids
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Granule
(prokaryotic cell) - STorage area for solids
-
Endospore
(prokaryotic cell) - Highly resistant dormant cell; a protective mechanism in which the cell wall stretches and encircles nucleoid and reconnects creating a cell wall around it.
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Cell Wall
(eukaryotic cell) - Semi-ridged; for structure and protection. Made of cellulose or chitin
-
Nucleus
(eukaryotic cell) - Membrane bound structure
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Nuclear envelope
(eukaryotic cell) - protects nucleus
-
Nucleoplasm
(eukaryotic cell) -
cytoplasm in nucleus
mostly water -
Nucleolus
(eukaryotic cell) - Compact area with chromosomes
-
Chromosomes
(eukaryotic cell) - Individual chromosomes are x shaped. numbers vary by organism. 46 chromosome in humans
-
Ribosome
(eukaryotic cell) - protein factories, attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
-
Tubing in the cell;
rough and smooth - Rough ER
- studded with ribosomes, ribosomes attachment is main function, some storage of protein
- Smooth ER
- help process nutrients (non protein); fats and carbs
- Golgi Apparatus
- works closely with ER and ribosomes. Packages and processes protein products
- Lysosome
- Pocket of enzymes produces lysozyme; enzyme that protects the cell
- Vacuole
- vaccant area, storage area
- Mitochondria
- where cellular energy is produced (ATP)
- Cristae
- Specific area in mitochondra where ATP is produced
- Chloroplast
-
Site of photosynthesis;
chlorophyll - Genetics
- The study of heredity
- Chromosome
- Genetic material, made of a double coiled strand of DNA, x or O shape. Number varies
- Gene
-
Segment of DNA on a chromosome that will provide a specific trait or function.
e.g. eye color - DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Genetic information carrying molecule of the body
-
Deoxyribose
(DNA) -
pentose sugar: C5 H10 O4
legs of the "ladder" of DNA
covalently bonds with Phospate and nitrogenous bases -
Phospate
(DNA) -
PO4
legs of the "ladder" of DNA; covalently bonds with Deoxyribose - Nitrogenous Bases
- Cyclic carbon Compound with nitrogen base.
- Purines
-
Double cyclic compound;
Nitrogenous base - Adenine
- a purine that bonds with Thymine in DNA and with Uricil in RNA
- Guanine
- a purine that bonds with Cytosine in both DNA and RNA
- Pyrimidines
-
Single Cyclic Compound;
Nitrogenous base - Thymine
- Pyrimidine that bonds with Adenine, only found in DNA
- Cytosine
- Pyrimidine that bonds with Guanine in both DNA and RNA
- Uricil
- Pyrimidine that bonds with Adenine, only found in RNA
- Bonds that occur in DNA structure
-
Covalent-STRONG
Hydrogen-WEAK - Nucleotide
-
1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogenous base; noted by first letter of base
A, G, T, C - RNA
- Ribonucleic Acid; carries info from cell's DNA to produce protein
- Ribose
- sugar: C5 H10 O5
- Types of RNA
- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
- mRNA
- Messanger RNA; formed at a limited DNA site (gene) and carries that information to the ribosome. 15 - 1000's Base pairs long
- tRNA
- Transfer RNA; transfers info from a genetic code to an amino acid code. Loops back on itself in an L shape; has a codon and anticodon and an amino acid attahced. 75-85 Base pairs in length
- rRNA
- Ribosomal RNS; major building block of ribosome, controls protein synthesis. Ribosome is 60% rRNA and 40% Protein
- Polypeptides
- Proteins; chain of amino acids ( enzymes, steroids, hormones)
- Amino Acids
- 20+ in body
- Amino Acid Structure
- Composed of a central carbon, Amino Group, Carboxyl Group, Hydrogen Group, and Carbon Group
- Peptide Bond
- Covalent Bond(strong) Bond forms between the OH of the carboxyl group and an H of the amino group; the by product is water