Blood and Lymphatic System
Terms
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- medical specialist diagnoses and treats disorders of altered immunologic reactivity allergies
- Allergist
- med specialist diagnoses and treats disorders of blood and blood-forming tissues
- hematologist
- med specialist diagnoses and treats immune system
- immunologist
- med spec diag and treats maolignant disorders susch as tumors and cancers
- oncologist
- andenoid/o
- adenoids
- agglutin/o j
- to clump
-
ansio-
j - unequal
-
-apheresis
j - removal
- bas/oj
- base
-
blast/o
j - embryonic stage
- chrom/o
- color
- coagul/o
- clotting
- cyt/o j
- cell
-
cytosis
j - abnormal cell
-
-emia
j - blood condition
- eosin/o
- red rosy
- erythr/o
- red
- -globin
- containing protein
- -globulin
- protein
- granul/o
- granules
- hem/o
- blood
- hemat/o
- blood
- immun/o
- immune system
- is/o
- equal
- kary/o
- nucleus
- leuk/o
- white
- -lytic
- destruction
- macro
- large
- micro
- small
- mono-
- one
- morph/o
- form, shape
- myel/o
- bone marrow spinal cord
- neutr/o
- neutral
- nucl/o
- nucleaus
- -oid
- resembling
- -osis
- condition
- -penia
- decrease in
- -phage
- to eat
- phag/o
- to eat
- -philia
- attraction to
- -phoresis
- transmission
- -poiesis
- formation
- poikil/o
- varied/ irregular
- sider/o
- iron
- spher/o
- globe round
- splen/o
- spleen
- -stasis
- stop control
- thromb/o
- clot
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- tonsill/o
- tonsils
- How many pints of blood do we have
- 10 pints
- why do we need blood
- it transferes oxygon and nutrients to organs warms and cools us fight infections gets rid of waste
- when does blood turn bright red
- after retiurning to our arteries from lungs where it picks up oxygen
- what color is it without oxygen
- purplish color
- each drop contains what
- millions of functioning cells
- the blood in the circulatory system carries what
- mocarbon dioxide and other waste materials that need to be removed
- what happens as the heart pumps
- forces blood through network blood vessels that takess it to every part of lour bodies
- what is another imoportant function of blood
- clotting
- why do we need blood to clot
- chemical reactions turns blood into solid lumps to seal leaks, wounds cuts and scratches as well as the inside
- what would happen if the blood did'nt clot
- we'd lose too much of it and eventually die
- what are black-and-blue marks called
- hematomas
- what are the result of blood vessels near the skin being injured
- hematomas
- why does the bluish color on the skin fade
- as they clot and heal
- what happens when large blood vessels are severed
- the body may not be able to repair itself through clotting alone we need pressure dressing or stitches to control bleeding
- what does blood help fight
- infection
- what are blood cells called
- granulocytes and lymphocytes
- where do they travel
- along walls of blood vessels
- what do they do
- fight germs such as bacteria and viruses
- what else do granulocytes and lymphocytes destroy
- cells that have become infected or have changed into cancer cells
- what do certain types of white blood cells produce
- antibodies
- what are antibodies
- special proteins
- what do antibodies do
- recognize foreign materials and neutralize them
- what happens when we have an infectious illness
- the white cell count usually is much higher
- why is the white cell count higher
- the white blood cells are battling infection
- what happens when the infection passes
- lymphocytes remember how to make antibodies and will eradicate the same type of germ if it enters the body again
- what are red blood cells called
- erythrocytes
- what are white cells called
- leukocytes
- what are platelets
- thrombocytes
- where are erythrocytes leukocytes and thrombocytes produced
- in bone marrow
- how do these 3 cells travel
- through the circulatory system in yellowish substance
- what is the yellowish substance called
- plasma
- what is plasma made of
- 90% liquid and composed of nutrients proteins hormones and wast e products
- what is blood a mixture of
- blood cells and plasma
- how are red blood cells shaped
- slightly indented flattened disks
- what do theses red blood cells contain
- iron-rich hemoglobin
- when does blood get its bright red color
- when hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs
- what happens as the blood travels through the body
- the hemoglobin exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide
- what type of cell does the body contain the most of
- red blood cellsj
- what is the lifespan of blood cells
- about 4 months
- what cell is a key component of body's defense against infection
- white blood cells
- what are the far fewer type of blood cells in the blood
- fewer white cells
- when do white cells increase
- during illness
- there are several different types of white blood cells TorF
- true
- what are the white blood cells life span
- a few days or months
- where are new cells bormed
- in the bone marrow
- what shape is the platelets or thrombocytes
- oval-shaped cells
- whesre are the platelets or thrombocytes made
- in the bone marrow
- what do the platelets or thrombocytes do
- help in the clotting process
- what happens when a blood vessel breaks
- platelets gather and help seal it
- how long do platelets last
- only 9 days constantly replaced by new cells
- How many types sof blood vessels are there
- 3
- what are they
-
arteries largest strongest
veins large vessels
capillaries tiny branched tubes - what do arteries do
- arteries carry oxygenated blood away form heart
- what do veins do blood vessels
- veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart
- what do capillaries do blood vessels
- capillaries connect arteries with veins in areas distant from heart
- where does the oxygen in the blood come from
- blood picks up oxygen in lungs before being pumped out to cells
- what happens after the oxygenated and nutrient blood goes through the body
- the deoxygenated blood returns to heart and is pumped to lungs for more oxygen
- what happens to the blood while it is in the lungs
- oxygen and chemicals are exchanged between red blood cells and lung tissue forming waste product carbon dioxide, lungs dispose of this during exhalation newly oxygenated blood pumped back to heart again
- what else does the blood pick up
- nutrients from digestive system and hormones from glands carrying them to body parts that needs them
- what do the kidneys and skin do
- like the lungs also filter and expel waste materials from blood
- diseases of blood commonly affect hildren can involve what
- any one of the three types of blood cells or even all three
- what other types of blood diseases are there
- don't affect cells but proteins and chemicals in plasma that are responsible for clotting
- what is the most common condition affecting red blood cells of children
- anemia lower-than-normal number of red cells or decreased amount of hemoglobin
- what are symptoms of hemoglobin
- pale skin weakness fast heart rate poor growth because of cells' reduced capacity for carrying oxygen
- what are causes of anemia
- inadequate production of red blood cells and premature red blood cell destruction
- what are the conditions caused by reduced production of red blood cells
-
iron deficiency anemia
lead poisoning
anemia of chronic disease
anemia due to kidney disease - describe irondeficiency anemia
- most common children diet low in iron or lost alot of blood premies infants menstruating girls
- what is iron needed for
- production of hemoglobin
- describe lead poisoning
- lead takes place of iron on a hemoglobin molecule interferes with oxygon-carrying capabilities
- describe anemia of chronic disease
- infants and children with chronic medical diseases cancer severe infections HIV
- describwe anemia due to kidney disease
- kidneys produce erythropoietin hormone stimulates redcells in bone marrow kidney disease interferes with production of hormone
- what happens when red blood cells are destroyed prematurely by disease HEMOLYSIS
- bone marrow will compensate byi increasing new red cell rate of destruction exceeds rate of production anemia occurs
- name th causes of increased red blood cell destruction
-
G6PD deficiency
hereditary spherocytosis
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
thalassemia - describe G6PD deficiency
- G6PD enzyme helps to process chemicals can rupture red blood cells enzyme is deficient chemicals build up and hemolyze destroy red cells hereditart african mediterranean southeast asian descent
- describe hereditary spherocytosis
- inherited condition red blood cells misshapen fragilea genetic problem with a protein in redblood cell membrane easily destroyed
- describe autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- no known reason body's immune system mistakenly attacks and dwestroys red blood cells
- describe sickle cell anemia
- common in african descent hereditart sickle-shaped red blood cells cannot carriy oxygen easily destroyed stick together obstruction blood vesselss sickle cell crisis
- describe thalassemia
- inherited defect ability produce hemoglobin mediterranean
- diseases of white blood cell
-
neutropenia
human immunodeficiency virus
hiv
leukemias - describe neutropenia
- decreased amount certain white blood dcells GRANULOCYTES reponsible protecting against bacterial infections result of chemotherapy drugs
- HIV describe
- vdiral infection attacks certain white blood cells LYMPHOCYTES that work to fight infection can result in aids body unprotected
- leukemias describe
- cancers of cells produce white blood cells include AML acute myeloid leukemia CDL chronic myeloid leukemia ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia children ALL AML advances against ALL
- what are some diseases of platelets
-
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of platelets abnormal bruising or bleeding result for certain drugs infections leukemias increased consumption of platelets DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation - what is DIC
- platelets are used up during increased clotting in blood vessels
- what is it called when there is no outside cause of lowered platelet count
- ITP idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- what are some diseases of clotting system common bleeding disorders
-
hemophilia
Von Willebrand disease - describe hemophilia
- inherited condition affects boys lack of clotting factors serious bleeding after dental work surgery and trauma internal bleeding no apparent cause
- describe Von Willebrand disease
- hereditary bleeding disorder clotting-factor deficiency affects men and women
- what are other causes of clotting problems
-
liver disease clotting factors produced in liver prenatal vitamin K deficiency infants are given a shot of K after birth
clotting system hyperactive HYPERCOAGULABLE increased risk of stroke - what is the Lymphatic system
- Immune system
- describe the immune system
- complex system of organs highly specialized cells circuolatroy system separate from blood vessels work together
- where are the organs of the immune system
- throughout the body
- what are the organs of the immune system called
- lymphoid organs
- what does lymph mean in greek
- pure clear stream
- what are the parts of the special circulatroy siystem
- lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
- what do the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes carry
- lymph transparent fluid
- what does lymph contain
- white blood cells lymphocytes
- what does the lymph do
- bathes the tissues of the bodiy and lymphatic vessels move it back into blood circulation
- where are lymph nodes
- dot network of lymphatic vessels meeting ground for immune system cells defend against invaders
- what does the spleen do
- important part in immune system and helps body fight infection
- where is the spleen
- left side of abdomen
- organs and tissues of the immune system do what
- dot the body in a protective network of barriers to infection
- where are pockets of lymphoid tissue
- bone marrow thymus tonsils adenoids Peyer's patches and appendix are lymphoid tissues
- what is lymphatic tissue lymphoid tissue
- 3D network of reticular fibers and cells meshes occupied density lymphoctses nodular diffuse and loose lymphatic tissue
- what enters the bymph nodes
- immune cells and foreign molecules
- how do foreign molecules and immune cells enter lymph nodes
- via blood vessels or lymphatic vessels
- what happens to the immune cells
- they exit the lymophatic system and return to bloodstream
- what happens when athe immune cells are in the blood stream
- lyomphocytes are transported to tissues throughout body
- what do theyu do in the tissues through the body
- act as sentries on lookout for foreign antigens
- which way does the entire lymphatic system flow
- toward the bloodstream returning fluid from body tissues to blood
- what would happen if the excess fluid didn't return to the blood
- our body tissues wounlld become swolen
- what do the lymph vessels do
- Pcollect the excess fluid and carry it to the veins through lymphatic system
- why is this process of collecting and carrying excess fluid necessary
- Pbecause water proteins and other molecules continuously leak out of tiny blood capillaries into bodiy tissues
- what happens to lymph fluid
- Phas to be drained returns to bloodvia lymphatic vessels
- what else do the lymphatic vessels do
- prevent backflow of lymph fluid into tissues
- what does the lyphatic system also do
- defend body against invasion by disease-causing agents viruses bacteria or fungi
- how is the foreign material filtered out
- by small masses of tissue
- whatis this tissue called
- lymph nodes they lie along network of lymphatic vessels
- what do athe lymph nodes house
- lymphocytes white blood cells
- what do lymphocytes produce
- antibodies special proteins that fight off infection
- what else do antibodiew do
- stop; infections from spreading through body by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them
- what does the spleen have like the lymph nodes
- antibody-producing lymphocytes
- what do these antibodies do
- weaken or kill bacteria viruses and other organisms that cause infection
- what happens if the blood passing through the spleen carries damaged cells
- white blood cells called macrophages in spleen will destroy and clear them from bloodstream
- The lymphatic sytem is a network of what
- very fine vessels or tubes called lymphatics
- what do lymphatics do
- drain lymph form all the body
- what is lymph composed of
- water protein molecules salts glucose urea lymphocytes and others
- where are lymphatics found
- in every part of body except central nervous systm
- what are the major part os the lymphatic system
- bone marrow spleen thymus gland lymph nodes and tonsils also heart lungs intestines liver and skin contain lymphatic tissue
- describe lymph nodes
- round or kidney-shaped from very tiny to 1 inch in diameter found in groups in different places neck armpit chest abdomen pelvis and groin
- where are two thirds of all lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue
- within or near gastrointestinal tract
- what are lymphocytes
- white blood cells in lymph nodes help fight infection by producing antibodies destroy foreign matter bacteria or viruses
- what are the two types of lymphocytes
- T-cells and B-cell
- what happens sometimes when some lymphocytes encounter foreign substances
- they become stimulated and enlarged IMMUNOBLASTS
- what is the major lymphatic vessel called
- thoracic duct
- describe what the throacic duct does and where
- begins near lower part of spine and collecrs lympoh form lower limbs pelvis abdomen and lower chest runs up through chest and empties into blood through large vein near left side of neck the right lymphatic duct collects lymph form right side of neck chest and arm empties into large vein near right side of neck
- why is spleen different from lymphid tissue
- red blood cells flow through it
- what does the spleen control in body
- control amount of blood and blood cells that circuolate through body and help destroy damaged cells
- where does lymph drain
- into open-ended one-way lymph capillaries
- describe lymph's movement
- moves more slowly than blood pudhed mainly by person's breathing and contractions of skeletal muscles
- describe blood capillaries
- wall of blood capillaries very thin have many tiny opening to allow gases water and chemicals to pass through to nourish cells and take away waste products
- what does the interstitial fluid do
- passes out of openings of blood capillaries to bathe body tissues
- what does the lymph vessel do
- trcycle the interstital fluid and return it to blood stream in circulatory system
- what else does the lymph vessels do
- collect fluid and carry it from all of the body's tissues and empty it into large veins in upper chest near neck
- what are lymph nodes made of
- meshlike network of tissue
- what does the lymph do in the lymph node
- enters and works its way through passages called SINUSES
- what do the lymph nodes contain
- macrophages PHAGOCYTIC CELLS engulf phagocytize, destroy bacteria dead tissue and foreign matter removing them from bloodstream
- what happens after these substances have been filtered out
- lymph then leaves nodes and returns to veins re-enters bloodstream
- what happens when person has infection
- germs collect in great numbers in lyimph nodes
- if the throsat is infected what happens
- lymph nodes of neck may swell phagocytic cells may not destroy all germs local infection in nodes results
- how does the lymphatic system play a role in spread of cancer
- lymphatic system extends to farreaches of body
- what is usually removed with cancerous growth
- lymph nodes
- what is interstitial fluid
- fluid in spaces between tissue cells constitutes about 16% of body weight similar in composition to lymph
- the lymphatic system branches through most of body parts it may be involved in what
- wide range of conditions diseases may affect lymph nodes spleen or collecions of lymphid tissue occurs in areas of body
- what are some disorders of lymph nodes
-
lymphadenopathy
lymphadenitis or adenitis
lymphomas - describe lymphadenopathy
- an increase in size of lymph node/s result of nearby infection can be due to infiltration of cancerous cells if generalized swelling present in several lymph node groups through body indicates person has systemic disease
- describe lymphadenitis or adenitis
- inflammation swelling tenderness redness warmth of overlying skin of lymph node due to infection of tissue in node itself children lymph nodes in neck
- describe lymphomas
- group of cancers araise from lymph nodes these result when lymphocyts undargo changes and start to multiply out of control lymph nodes enlarge and cancer cells crowd out healthyi cells and may form tumors in other parts of body
- what is splenomegaly
- enlarged spleen
- how can the spleen enlarge
- with certain diseases blood diseases and cancers most common in children is infection viral infectious mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus EBV should avoid contact sport can have life-threatening loss of blood if spleen is ruptured
- disorder of lymphoid tissue
- tonsillitis
- describe tonsillitis
- common condition in children tonsils collections of lymphoid tissue in back of mouth top of throat involved in bacterial viral infection swollen and inflamed
- what do tonsils do
- help filter out bacteria microorganisms aid body in fighting infection
- what are some symptoms of tonsilitis
- sore throat high fever difficulty swallowing
- what can happen if the infection spreads
- can spread to throat and surrounding areas
- what does it cause
- pain inflammation
- what is the name of this inflammation from tonsilitis
- pharyngitis
- ;
- ;
- what is genome
- total set of genes carried by individual or cell
- many cancers are caused by what
- mutation in a gene or group of genes in cells of individual
- how do these mutations occur
- randomly or exposure to environmental insult
- which genetic disorders are hereditary
- Huntington's didsease or Tay-Sachs mutated gene is passed down through family each generation of children can inherita the gewne
- most genetic disorders are what
- multifactorial inheritance disorders caused by combination small variations in genes with environmental factors
- waht do we know through research about the human genome
- many common diseases usually caused by genetic alterations in individual's cell breast cancwer colon cancer hereditary forms predispose cancers in family
- describe breast cancer
- common disease 200,000 women diagnosed one in nine women hereditary breast cancer rare 5-10-27% of all breast cancers
- describe colon cancer
- malignant tumor large intestine men and women 130,200 cases 2000yr not hereditary 5% hereditary form
- describe cystic fibrosis
- CF most common fatal genetic disease USA 30,000 have it CF causes body producwe thick sticky mucus clogs lungs leads to infection blocks pancreas
- what causes CF
- cystic fibrosis transmemebrane regulator CFTR gene discovered in 1989 since then 900 mutations have been identified
- describe hemochromatosis
- Hereditary hemochromatosis HH genetic disease alters body's ability regulate iron absorption easily treated untreate caucasians of northern european descent at highest risk one million in US HH absorbs too much iron over time years excess deposited in cells of liver heart pancreas joints pituitary gland cirrhosis of liver liver cancer diabetes heart disease joint disease
- Huntington's disease HD inherited neurological involuntary movements severe emotional disturbance cognitive decline
- US 30,000 no cure fatal disease 75,000 carry abnormal gene
- Parkinson's disease
- chronic and progressive disorder nervous system causes tremors and muscular rigidity 500,00-one million US
- sickle cell disease most common blood disorder in US
- 80,000 US african americans one in 12 1 in 100 hispanics
- what is sickle cell caused by
- mutation in hemoglobin-Beta found on chromosome 11 Hemoglobin transprots oxygen from lungs to other parts
- what do red blood cells whith normal hemoglobin hemoglobin-A look like
- smooth round glide through blood vesssels