Chabner LOM Chapter Eleven
Terms
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- angi/o
- vessel
- aort/o
- aorta
-
arter/o
arteri/o - artery
- ather/o
-
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
(the Greek 'athere', means "porridge") - atri/o
- atrium, upper heart chamber
- brachi/o
- arm
- cardi/o
- heart
- cholesterol/o
- cholesterol (a lipid substance)
- coron/o
- heart
- cyan/o
- blue
- myx/o
- mucus
- ox/o
- oxygen
- pericardi/o
- pericardium
- phleb/o
- vein
- sphygm/o
- pulse
- steth/o
- chest
- thromb/o
- clot
-
valvul/o
valv/o - valve
- vas/o
- vessel
- vascul/o
- vessel
-
ven/o
ven/i - vein
- ventricul/o
- ventricle, lower heart chamber
- arrhythmias
- Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)
-
heart block
(atrioventricular block) - Failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
- flutter
- Rapid but regular contractions of atria or ventricles
- fibrillation
-
Rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions of the heart
(350 beats or more per minute) - congenital heart disease
- abnormalities in the heart at birth
-
Congenital Anomaly:
coarctation of the aorta (CoA) - Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
-
Congenital Anomaly:
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - A small duct (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open (patent)
-
Congenital Anomaly:
septal defects - Small holes in the septa between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)
-
Congenital Anomaly:
tetralogy of Fallot - A congenital malformation of the heart involving four (tetra-) distinct defects
- congestive heart failure
-
The heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
(more blood enters the heart from the veins than leaves through the arteries) - coronary artery disease
- Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
- endocarditis
- Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis)
- hypertensive heart disease
- High blood pressure affecting the heart
- mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
- Improper closure of the mitral valve
- murmur
- An extra heart sound, heard between normal beats caused by improper closure of the heart valves
- pericarditis
- Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart
- rheumatic heart disease
- Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
- aneurysm
- Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall
- hypertension (HTN)
- High blood pressure
- peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
- Blockage of blood vessels outside the heart
- Raynaud disease
- Short episodes of pallor and cyanosis in the fingers and toes
- varicose veins
- Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs
- acute coronary syndromes
- The consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction
- angina (pectoris)
- Chest pain resulting from a temporary difference between the supply and the demand of oxygen to the heart muscle
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- Antihypertensive drugs that block the conversion of angiotension I to angiotensin II and reduce blood vessel construction. They prevent heart attacks.
- auscultation
- Listening with a stethoscope
- beta-blockers
- Drugs used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. They block the action of epinephrine (Adrenalin) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart.
- bruit
- An abnormal sound heard on auscultation
- calcium channel blockers
- Drugs used to treat angina and hypertension. They dilate blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
- cardiac tamponade
- Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
- claudication
- Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest
- digoxin
- A drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
- emboli (singular: embolus)
- Collections of material (clots or other substances) that travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel
- infarction
- Area of dead tissue
- nitrates
- Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue
- nitroglycerin
- A nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
- occlusion
- Closure of a blood vessel
- palpitations
- Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias
- patent
- Open
- petechiae
- Small, pinpoint hemorrhages
- statins
- Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
- thrill
- Vibration felt on palpation of the chest
- vegetations
- Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on the endocardium in conditions such as bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease
- aorta
- Largest artery in the body
- arteriole
- Small artery
- artery
- Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. (Notice that artery and away begin with an "a")
-
atrioventricularbundle
(bundle of His) - Specialized muscle fibers in the wall between the ventricles that carry the electric impulses to the ventricles
-
atrioventricular node
(AV node) - Specialized tissue at the base of the wall between the two upper heart chambers. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node to the bundle of His
- atrium (ploral: atria)
- One of two upper chambers of the heart
- capillary
- Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation
- coronary arteries
- The blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
- deoxygenated blood
- Blood that is oxygen-poor
- diastole
- Relaxation phase of the heartbeat. From the Greek 'diastole', meaning "dilation"
- endocardium
- Inner lining of the heart
- endothelium
- Innermost lining of blood vessels
- mitral valve
- Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart; bicuspid valve
- myocardium
- Muscle layer of the heart
- oxygen
- Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells
- pacemaker
- Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat; also called the sinoatrial node. A cardiac pacemaker is an electronic appartus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle
- pericardium
- Sac-like membrane surrounding the heart
- pulmonary artery
- Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
- pulmonary circulation
- Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
- pulmonary valve
- Positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
- pulmonary vein
- One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
- pulse
- Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
- septum (plural: septa)
- Partition; in the cardiovascular system, between the right and left sides of the heart
- sinoatrial node (SA node)
- Pacemaker of the heart
- sphygmomanometer
- Instrument to measure blood pressure
- systemic circulation
- Flow of blood from the body cells to the heart and back out from the heart to the cells
- systole
- Contraction phase of the heartbeat. From the Greek 'systole', meaning "A contracting"
- tricuspid valve
- Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three leaflets, or cusps
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Laboratory Test:
lipid tests - Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample
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Laboratory Test:
lipoprotein electrophoresis - Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample
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Laboratory Test:
serum enzyme tests - Chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic - X-Ray:
angiography - X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic - X-Ray:
digital subtraction angiography (DSA) - Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic - Ultrasound Tests:
Doppler ultrasound - Sound waves measure movement of blood flow
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic - Ultrasound Tests:
echocardiography (ECHO) - High-frequency sound waves and echoes produce images of the heart
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic -
Nuclear Cardiology:
positron emission tomography (PET) scan - Images showing blood flow and function of the myocardium following uptake of radioactive substances
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic -
Nuclear Cardiology:
technetium (Tc)
99m Sestamibi scan - Technetium 99m sestamibi is injected IV and taken up in the area of an MI
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic -
Nuclear Cardiology:
thallium 201 scan - Concentration of a radioactive substance is measured in the myocardium
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Clinical Procedures Diagnostic -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
cardiac MRI - Images of cardiac tissue are produced with magnetic waves
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Other Dianostic Procedures:
cardiac catheterization - A thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
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Other Dianostic Procedures:
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) - Recording of electricity flowing through the heart
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Other Dianostic Procedures:
Holter monitoring - An ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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Other Dianostic Procedures:
stress test - Exercise tolerance test(ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)
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Treatment Procedures:
cardioversion (defibrillation) - Very brief discharges of electricity, applied across the chest to stop arrhythmias
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Treatment Procedures:
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) - Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
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Treatment Procedures:
endarterectomy - Surgical removal of the diseased inner layers of an artery
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Treatment Procedures:
extracorporeal circulation - A heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is being repaired
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Treatment Procedures:
heart transplantation - A donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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Treatment Procedures:
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) - A balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
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Treatment Procedures:
thrombolytic therapy - Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis