Exam 3 keywords
Terms
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- measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences
- cross-sectional method
- measures a single individeual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes
- longitudinal methode
- development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals
- maturation
- piaget's third stage (roughly age 7 to 11); the child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reveribility and conservation, but abstract thinking is not yet present
- concrete operational stage
- understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes
- conservation
- the inability to consider another's point of view, which Piaget considered a hallmarc of the preoperational stage
- egocentrism
- piaget's fourth stage (around age 11 and beyond), characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking
- formal operational stage
- piagetian term for an infant's understanding that objects (or people) continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched directly
- object permanence
- piaget's second stage (roughly age 2 to 7), characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think sybolically, but the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes), and thinking is egocentric and animistic
- preoperational stage
- piaget's first stage (birth to approximately age 2 years), in which schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities
- sensorimotor stage
- cognitive structures or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow and diifferentiate with experience
- schemas
- a strong affectiona bond with special others that endures over time
- attatchment
- an innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attatchment to the first large moving object seen
- imprinting
- kohlberg's second level of moral development, where moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society
- conventional level
- kohlberg's first level of moral development, in which morality is based on rewards, punishment, and exchange of favors
- preconventional level
- erikson's term for an adolescent's serch for self, which requires intense self-reflection and questioning
- identity crisis
- erikson's theory that indviduals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved
- psychosocial stages
- an individual's innate behavioral style and characteristic emotional response
- temperment
- successful aging is fostered by a full and active commitment to life
- activity theory
- sucessful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society
- disengagement theory
- combining characteristics considered typically male (assertive, athletic) with characteristics considered typically female (yielding, nurturant); from the Greek andro, meaning "male," and gyn meaning "female"
- androgyny
- self-identification as either a man or a woman
- gender identity
- societal expectations for normal and appropriate male and female behavior
- gender roles
- primary erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosecual, gay or lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (hetrosexual)
- sexual orientation
- first stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by increasing levels of arousal and increased engorgement of the genitals
- excitement phase
- third stage of the sexual response cycle, when pleasurable sensations peak and orgasm occurs
- orgasm phase
- second stage of the sexual response cycle characterised by a leveling off in a state of high arousal
- plateau phase
- phase following orgasm, during which further orgasm is considered physiologically impossible for men
- refractory period
- final stage of the sexual response cycle, when the body returns to its unaroused state
- resolution phase
- beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality
- double standard
- fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity
- perfomance anxiety
- classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe abnormal behaviors; the "IV-TR" indicates it is the text revision (TR) of the fourth major revision (IV)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions, or are judged incompetent to manage their own affairs, because of mental in
- insanity
- serious mental disorders characterized by extreme mental disruption and loss of contact with reality
- psychosis
- persistent, uncontrollable, and free foalting anxiety
- generalized anxiety disorder
- intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions)
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- sudden and inexplicable planic attacks' symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, terror, and feelings of impending doom
- panic disorder
- intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
- phobias
- repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation and hyperactivity) and depression
- bipolar disorder
- long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleaseure, or maintain interest in life
- major depressive disorder
- imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli
- halucinations
- group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior; the individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations
- schizophrenia
- profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
- antisocial personality disorder
- impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image
- borderline personality disorder
- co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time, as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism
- comorbidity
- presense of two or more distict personality systems in the same individual at different times, previosly known as multiple personality disorder
- dissociative identity disorder
- inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significatn impairment of social and occupational functioning
- personality disorders
- abuse of, or dependenc on, a mood- or behavior-altering drug
- substance-related disorders
- rogers's therapy emphasizing the client's natural tendency to become healthy and productive' techniques include empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and active listening
- client-centered therapy
- therapy the focuses on faulty thought processes and belifes to treat problem behaviors
- cognitive therapy
- in psychoanalisis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents
- free association
- therapy to maximize personal growth through affecive restructuring (emotional readjustment)
- humanistic therapy
- freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts, which usually date back to early childhood experiences, into consciousness; also Freud's theoretical school of thought emphasizing unconcious processes
- psychoanalysis
- in psychoanalysis, the patient may displace (or transfer) unconcious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist
- transference
- rogers's term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
- unconditional positive regard
- pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
- aversion therapy
- group of techniques based on learning preiciples used to change maladaptive behaviours
- behavior therapy
- medications used to treat anxiety disorders
- antianxiety drugs
- madications used to diminish or elimiate hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal, and other symptoms of psychosis, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers
- antipsychotic drugs
- biomedical therapy based on passing electical current through the brain; used almost exclusively to treat serious depression when drug therapy does not work
- electroconvulsive therapy