States of Conciousness
Terms
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Define:
Conciousness -
An organism's awareness of its own self and surroundings
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Alternate States of Conciousness (ACSs) - Mental states, other than ordinary waking conciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoative drug use, hypnosis, and so on.
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Controlled Processes - Mental activities requiring focused attention that generally interfere with other ongoing activities.
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Automatic Processes - Mental activities requiring minimal attention and having little impact on other activities.
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Circadian Rhythms - Biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle, (circa= "about" and dies = "day")
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Rapid Eye Movement (REM) - A stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high- frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles, and dreaming.
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Repair/Restoration Theory - Sleep serves a recuperative funtion, allowing organisms to repair or replenish key factors.
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Evolutionary/Circadian Theory - As a part of circadian rythms, sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators.
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Manifest Content - According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, which contains dream symbols that distort and disguise the dream's true meaning.
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Latent Content - The true, unconcious meaning of a dream, according to Freudian dream theory.
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Activation - Synthesis Theory - Hobson's theory that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells; the brain attempts to combine (or synthesize) this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, known as dreams.
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Insomnia - Persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening to early.
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Sleep Apnea - Repeated interruption of breathing during sleep because air passages to the lungs are physically blocked or the brain stops activating the diaphragm.
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Narcolepsy - Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours. (narco = "numbness" and lepsy = "seizure")
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Nightmares - Anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring near the end of the sleep cycle, during REM sleep.
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Night Terrors - Abrupt awakenings from NREM (non-rapid-eye-movement) sleep accompanied by intense phsiological arousal and feeling of panic.
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Psychoactive Drugs - Chemicals that change concious awareness, mood, or perception.
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Drug Abuse - Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others.
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Addition - Broad term describing a compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity.
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Psychological Dependence - Desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug.
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Physical Dependence - Bodily processes have been so modified by repeated use of a drug that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
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Withdrawal - Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings, experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs.
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Tolerance - Decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use.
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Depressants - Psychoactive drugs that act on the central nervous system to suppress or slow bodily proccesses.
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Stimulants - Drugs that act on the brain and nervous system to increase their overall activity and general responsiveness.
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Opiates - Drugs derived from opium that function as an analgesic or pain releiver (The word opium comes from the Greek word meaning "juice.")
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Hallucinogens - Drugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations.
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Meditation - A group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an alternate state of conciousness.
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Hypnosis - A trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus.
- Name the major five sleep disorders.
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1. Insomnia
2. Sleep Apnea
3. Narcolepsy
4. Nightmares
5. Night Terrors - Name the Four Major Categories of Drugs:
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1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Opiates
4. Hallucinogens - Name the two theories of sleep:
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1. Repair / Restoration Theory
2. Evolutionary / Circadian Theory - Name the three theories of dreaming:
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1. Psychoanalytic / psychodynamic view.
2. Biological view.
3. Cognitive view. - Define the dream theory, Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic view:
- Dreams are disguised symbols (manifest vs lantent content) of repressed desires and anxieties.
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Define the dream theory,
Biological view: - Random stimulation of brain cells (activation-synthesis hypothesis).
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Define the dream theory,
Cognitive view: - Dreams help sift and sort everyday experiences (information processing theory).