Intro To Psychology Midterm
Terms
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- Goals of Psychology
- To understand, predict, and control (modify) behavior and mental processes
- Psychology
- The Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes
- Tools in Psychology (The Scientific Method)
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Observation
Define the Problem
Propose a Hypothesis
Experimentation
Theory Formulation
(Hypothesis to test the theory) - Why Study Psychology?
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Evaluatiing Face vs. Fiction
Learning how decisions are made in the behavioral sciences (statistics)
Citizen Quality (Ethics) ex. Stem Cell Research
Biological Bases of Behavior - Diffusion of Responsibility
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People think that someone else will react so they don't have to
(Rape of Kitty Genovici) - Amaygdala
- Fear/Anxiety
- Wundt
- First Psychologist (Lab)
- The Dark Ages
- Break in Science and Philosophy
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How Knowledge Develops:
(Two Theories) -
Personalistic Theory: "Great Person"
Naturalistic Theory: "A king is history's slave" - The Mind-Body Controversy (Soul)
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Explaining Free Will
Philosophical Doctrines:
Monism-Mind and Body are the same, no seperate Soul (science a monistic approach)
Interactionism: Body and soul, when we need free will, the soul intervenes
Dualism: (Plato) Body and Mind Seperate - Hippocrates
- Father of Medicine
- Aristotle
- Mind is Form that Substance Body Takes
- Descartes
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Interactionism
"Father of Psychophysiology" - Research Methods Outline
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Psychology as a science
case history
test method
survery method
observational method
correlational method
experimental method - Reification
- Most Common Way of Conducting Science
- The Uncertainty Principle
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Heisenberg
Unlike Einstein and Newton whose physics were based on certainty
1. You Can Speak with Certainty only about that which you have observed
2. The very act of observing changes that which is observed - Factual Statements
- must be replicated, with control groups
- Empirical Laws
- How something behaves in a certain situation (empirical-based on observation)
- Yerkes Dodson Law
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medium level of arousal is best
performance is related to arousal in an inverted way - Arousal Theory
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The Reticular Activating System (RAS)
arrows act as amplifiers - ABAB-Reversal Design
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Associated with Naltrexone
More reversal proves casual trauma - Right Side Brain Disorder
- Patients think thy don't have any problems, blame others
- Correlational Method
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researchers measure two variables and see if they are statistically related
postive correlation: high and high, low and low
negative correlation: high and low, low and high - Experimental Method
- helps understand and influence behavior
- The Neuronal Doctrine
- Waldeyer said brain was made up of neurons
- Neuron
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Basic unit of nervous system
10-12 billion
cell body: dendrite "receptive"
axon hillock: "analytic"
axon button: "expressive" - Soma
- Cell Body
- Axon Hillock
- whre decision to fire or not is made
- Graded Potentials
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How neurons communicate
EPSP: Excitatory post-synaptic potential, depolarize cell, increases voltage
IPSP: Inhibitory post-synaptic potential, hyperpolarize cell, decreases voltage - Acetylcholine
- first neurotransmitter discovered
- Neurotransmitters
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On-Off System
ACh: ON
AChE: OFF - How Drugs Work
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Storage
Release (Amphetamines)
Reuptake (Cocaine/Ritalin)
Block Receptor Site
Stimulate Receptor Site
(allows you to manipulate pyschopharmacology) - Curare
- Blocks ACh receptors on muscle
- Scopolamine
- Blocks ACh receptors on brain (cholinergic drug)
- Atropine
- Blocks ACh receptors on glands
- Botulism
- Blocks ACh Release
- Nerve Gas (DFP)
- Blocks Ache
- ACh
- responsible for muscle contraction, without it, causes paralysis
- Dopamine
- a neurotransmitter substance used by neurons in the brain that control large muscle movement and by neurons in pleasure and reward systems in the brain
- Seratonin
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successful suicides
anti-depressants
SSRIs
important to mood - Endorphins (Neuropeptides)
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identical to morphine/heroin
"runner's high" - Norepinephrine
- a neurotransmitter believed to be involved with vigilence and attention, and released by sympathetic automatic neurons in the adrenal glands
- Association Cortex
- areas in between sensory projection areas
- Left Brain
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Control Right Side of Body
proximle space - Right Brain
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Control Left Side of Body
the world - Left Sided Stroke
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Catastrophic Reaction
self-awareness
self-critical concern - Right-Sided Stroke
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Indifference
unaware of problems with self
"others are problem" - Front of the Brain
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Organization
Planning
Sequencing
Regulatory Functions
Stress - Left Front Brain
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Speech Output
Fluent
Stuttering - Right Front Brain
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Emotional Output
Labile
Anger
Sadness
Fear - Back of the Brain
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Reception and Comprehension
Vision
Audition
Taste
Body Sensation - Left Back
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Speech Comprehension
Word Salad Speech - Right Back
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Emotional Comprehension
Anger/Sad/Fear - Topographical Arrangement
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Projection Areas
"cables" from sensors to muscles
vision
audition
body sensation
strength - Psychophysics
- Sensation and Perception
- Transduction
- The translation of energy from one form to another
- Adaptation
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Occurs at receptor level
Reduction of Sensitivity of receptors - Absolute Threshold
- smallest magnitude of stimulus that can be detected half the time
- Difference Threshold
- smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time
- Calculating Thresholds
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Using ascending Limits
increased frequency decreased limits - Gustation
- Sense of taste
- Thresholds
- double every 20 years or so
- Perception
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The process of becoming aware of the external world through information gathered by the sense organs.
Thought to be influenced by experience or learning. - Nativists
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"Born with it"
Descartes - Empiricists
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Perception is entirely learned
an active process - Binocular Cues
- Retinal Disparity
- Monocular Cues
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Superposition
Relative Size
Height in Plane
Gradient of Texture - Illusions
- Misinterpretations of our perceptual world.
- Child Psychology
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Focuses on Childhood
Uses Human Children
How can we describe the behavior of children? - Developmental Psychology
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Focuses on full lifespan
Childhood, Adolescense, Adulthood, Elderly, Nonhuman
Can we predict later life based on events earlier in Life?
If so, can we change the developmental outcome? - Cohort Effect
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different age groups have different experience and backgrounds
9/11
Experiences effect performance - The Cross-Sectional Design
- Allows for measure of the cohort effect
- Empiricist (Nurture)
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John Locke
Human Mind at birth is a "clean slate"
Learning
Development
(linear) - Rationalist (Nature)
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Decartes, Kant
Human mind innates ideas, even at birth
Maturation
Development
Biological Changes/Stages
(steps) - Development
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an interaction between maturation and experience
nature v. nurture play role - Maturation
- A Biological Unfolding
- Experience
- Learning
- Freud
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Treated Anno O ("hysteric")
Linked Learning to maturation
Fixation occurs if needs aren't met at each stage
Early Experience Hypothesis - Freud's Stage Theory
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Self gratification of pleasure
Basic Views of Human Nature
Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital - ID
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man born with animalistic instincts
need for gratification
innate instinctive impulses and primary processes - Superego
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Part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience
reflects taught rules - Ego
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Efficient pleasure seeking
Balances demands of ID and Superego
Part of mind that meditates between conscious and unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity - Piaget
- human development, studied intellectual development from childhood to adulthood
- Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational - Sensorimotor
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Ages 0-2
marks the development of essential spaial abilities and understanding the world in six stages
1. reflexes (0-6 weeks)
2. development of habits (6 weeks-4 months)
3. visual coordination (4-9 months)
4. development of logic-means and ends (9-12 months)
5. discovery of new means to meet goals (12-18 months)
6. beginning of insight, true creativity - Preoperational Stage
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2-7 Years
Inability to conserve (glasses)
Initiative Thought
Egocentrism - Concrete Operational
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7-12
appropriate use of knowledge - Formal Operational
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12-
onset of puberty
continues into adulthood - Contact Comfort
- critical ingredient in motherly love
- Uncertainty Principle
- Principle of quantum mechanics, Heisenburg, measurement of one of two related observable quantities position of momentum or energy and time
- Psychology originated from...
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Aristotles "psyche" (life) and logos (the study of)
writings of ancient Greek philosophers - Causality
- relation of cause and effect
- Independent Variable
- quantitative value is independently controlled by researcher
- Dependent Variable
- doesn't change, constant, quantitative value expected to depend on the independent variable
- Biological
- study ways in which nervous system and other organs provide basis for behavior
- Sensation and Perception
- concerned with how the sense organs operate and how we interpret incoming sensory info in the process of perception
- Learning and Memory
- ways in which we learn and remember new info, new skills, new habits, and new ways to relate to each other
- Cognition
- Concerned with intelligent action: thinking, perceiving, planning, imagining, creating, dreaming, speaking, listening, problem solving
- Developmental
- concerned with changing that takes place in people over a lifespan
- Motivation and Emotion
- Study needs and states that activate and guide behavior, hunger, thirst, sex, need for achievement, etc
- Personality
- ways of behaving that characterize our personalities
- Social
- Influences on other people and our behavior
- Sociocultural
- ethnic, culture identities, sexual orientation, etc
- Sensory Receptor Cells
- cells in sense organs that translate messages into neural impulses sent to the brain
- Nature v. Nurture Controversy
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both combine to influence our thoughts, actions, and feelings
nature: biological factors
nurture: psychological factors - Acetylcolene
- a neurotransmitter used by somatic neurons that contract the body's large muscles, also plays a role in memory and is thought to regulate dreaming, primary transmitter for learning new things
- Serotonin
- a neurotransmitter used by systems of neurons believed to regulate sleep, dreaming, appetite, depression, and inhibition of violence
- Endorphins
- "endogeneous" (inside the body), any of a group of peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors and are found mainly in the brain, reduce the sensation of pain and effect emotion
- Naltrexone
- given to heroin addicts, makes them experience immediate withdrawl, also used with opiates
- Neurons
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an individual nerve cell, most important unit of the nervous system
consists of cell body, dendrites, axons
transmits messages in the nervous system, neural transmission, synaptic transmission - Action Potential
- a brief electrical signal that travels through the length of an axon
- Graded Potential
- important in neurons that lack action potential, depolarize the membrane
- Frontal Lobe
- occupies part of skull behind forehead and extends to middle/top of head, plays important role in thinking, decision making, working memory, organizing our behavior, predicting consequences of our actions, contains Broca's area (ability to speak language)
- Parietal Lobe
- behind frontal at top of skull, sense of touch and other body senses
- Temporal Lobe
- extend back from temples, middle area at base of brain beneath frontal and parietal lobes, contain auditory areas (wernicke's area)
- Occipital Lobe
- base of back of head, furthest from eyes, but is associated with vision
- Sensation
- process of receiving, translating, and transmitting messages from the outside world to the brain
- Depolarization
- the process during which positively charged ions flow into the axon, making it less negatively charged inside
- Hyperpolarization
- to increase the difference in electrical potential across a cell membrane
- Monocular Cues to Depth
- depth perception perceived to one eye, texture gradient, linear perspective, superpostioning, shadowing, speed of movement, aerial perspective, accommodation, vertical cues