Conc./Function of Grans and Monos
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- what is the purpose of neutrophils?
- to kill microorganisms.
- how many neuts do we make per day?
- 100million/mg body weight
- what are the bone marrow compartments that seperate maturation phases of neuts?
-
Mitotic: blast through myelocytes. can divide up to the myelocyte.
Maturation: metas, bands, neuts - what 3 parts is the Total Circulating Granulocyte Pool broken down into?
-
1. Marginal pool
2. Circulating pool
50/50
3. Tissue pool -
where is the marginal pool?
circulatin? -
marginal hangs out at the edge of vessels, endothelium
circulating is what we count. - what cells from the TCGP probably go to the tissue pool?
- marginating - closer to edge, diapedesis is easier for them.
- What are 5 normal causes of neutrophil increase?
-
1. Time of day - low in AM usly.
2. Extreme stress
3. Temp extremes
4. Strenuous Exercise
5. Epinephrine - What are 5 abnormal, pathologic causes of neut increase?
-
1. Infeciton
2. Hematologic disorders
3. Tissue breakdown
4. Drugs/toxins
5. Leukemoid reaction -
3 conditions associated with decreased neutrophils:
(why you would see the decr) -
1. Accel use/loss of neuts
2. Diminished production
3. Absence of production - What is accelerated use or loss of neutrophils a hallmark of?
- recurring bacterial infection
- what is agranulocytosis?
- a very low WBC neut count - less than 500/uL. inhibits normal immunologic function.
- what is the function of neuts?
- to engulf and kill microorganisms
- what are the functional activities of neutrophils?
-
-degranulation within phagosomes formed in vacuoles
-phagocytosis
-opsonization
-chemotaxis - .
- .
- what is the normal blood:tissue ratio of monocytes?
- 1:400
- after they're released from the bone marrow, can monocytes continue to divide? why?
- yes; they still have nucleoli; can become giant cells.
-
what are specialized macrophages in the
-liver
-spleen
-thymus
-kidney
-bone marrow
-pancreas
-lungs -
liver = kuppfer cells
spleen = littoral cells
thymus = dendritic cells
kidney - glomerular mesangial
b. marrow = nurse
pancreas = langerhans cells
lungs = alveolar macrophages. - what are 3 conditions associated with decreased monocytes?
-
Aplastic anemia
Hairy cell leukemia
Glucocortioids - what are 6 conditions associated with increased monocytes?
-
hematologic disorders
inflamm. immune disorders
acute bacterial infections
CMV/TB
SBE
Syphilis - What are the 5 functions of monocytes?
-
1. Phagocytosis/digestion
2. secretion of chemicals
3. immunity - Ag presentation
4. Cytotoxicity
5. Tissue spcf functions -
what are the tissue spcf functions of macrophages in:
-spleen
-bone marrow
-liver -
Spleen: littoral cells keep iron in the form of hemosiderin.
B. marrow: ingest nonfunctional cells.
Liver: secrete cytokines when Kuppfer cells are stimulated. - what are 2 markers on monocytes?
-
CD 14
NSE - what are 3 hereditary conditions that affect WBC morphology?
-
pelger-huet
alder-reilly
may-hegglin
all are anomalies that are genetically inheritted. -
What is Pelger-Huet Syndrome?
What can it look similar to? -
Pince-nez neutrophils with 70% having bilobed nuclei; but still normal function.
May look like shift to left - What is Pelgeroid?
- Myelodysplastic syndrome that has bilobed nuclei of neutrophils, but hypogranulation and only seen in a few cells, not 70%.
- What is Alder-reilly anomaly?
- condition where azurophilic (primary) granules are very large in monos, grans, lymphs.
- what are the granules in alder-reilly made of?
- muccopolysaccharide
- what is may-hegglin anomaly?
- disease where platelets are gigantic and cells have blue bodies that look like doehle bodies; also thrombocytopenia.
- what disorder may result from may-hegglin?
- bleeding disorder.
- what are 6 toxic alterations due to neutrophil response to noxious stimulus?
-
Dohle bodies
Hypersegmentation
degranulation
toxic gran
shift to left
toxic vacuolization - what are dohle bodies?
- pale blue inclusions, persistant RNA because maturation was cut short when the cells were called from the bmarrow
- what occurs in the o2-dependent killing mechanism?
- NADPH oxidase causes a respiratory burst; results in superoxide and peroxide, which react w/ myeloperoxidase to form bleach.
- what are active oxygen metabolites?
-
superoxide and peroxide.
react w/ myeloperoxidase, produce bleach. -
whats the blood:tissue ratio of:
-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes -
eos: 1:200
basos; varies, most are at the body linings.
monos: 1:400 - what causes eosinophilia?
-
parasites
allergies
chronic skin infection
granulocytic leukemia - what causes decreased eosinophils?
- steroids - inhibit release of cells from marrow
- what is the eosinophil function?
-
1. modulate immediate hypersensitivity reactions
2. modulate parasite infection
3. Bacteriocidal - what is in eosinophil granules?
-
major basic protein
histaminase - what do basophils increase for?
-
Allergy/inflammation
Myeloproliferative disorders
Neoplasms - what is the function of basophils?
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as a vasoactivator
as a bronchoinhibitor - what is in the granules of basophils?
-
Histamine
Heparine - what's the difference between a monocyte and macrophage?
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monos = in circulation
macro = in tissue - what is the MPS and RES?
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-cells capable of phagocytosis - macrophages and monocytes.
-freely circulating or fixed in specific tissues. - What is the function of the RES?
- -To remove senescent cells from circulation adn provide phagocytic cells for inflammatory and immune response.
- what are four inherited syndromes of neutrophils, and which are autosomal?
-
1. Chediak Hegashi - autosomal recessive
2. Pelger-Huet - autosomal dominant.
3. May-Hegglin - autosomal dominant
4. Alder-reilly - dominant. - what are 2 other granulocyte disease?
-
-Chronic granulomatous disease - seen in young boys, no respiratory burst, must form granulomas to contain microbe.
-Lazy Leukocyte: no chemotaxis - What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
-
syndrome where primary and secondary granules fuse - very large and dark. Ineffective.
Succomb to bacterial infection. - What is Pelger-Huet Syndrome?
-
nucleus of neutrophils does not segment; bilobed, pince-nez.
Normal function, seen in at least 70% of the PMNS. - What is Pelgeroid syndrome?
- similar pincenez is seen, but only in a few cells. also hypogranular production.
- what is Alder-Reilly?
- Syndrome where azurophilic granules are very large, and contain muccopolysaccharide.
-
What is May-Hegglin syndrome?
what other disorder accompanies? -
syndrome where platelets are GIANT; they are blue inclusions that resemble dohle bodies.
Often see thrombocytopenia.