psych 101
Terms
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consciousness
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- an awareness of external events
- internal sensations
- self as unique being
- thoughts about experiences
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Acquisition (Classical Conditioning)
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the initial stage of learning-pairing the US and NS and it becomes the CS which elicits the CR
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Acquisition (operant)
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learning of a new response formed b/c of a relationship formed between behavior and consequence.
- chaining
- response that occurs that sets the stimuli for the next response. the discriminative stimuli sets the response and the response then becomes the next behavior
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Consciousness and Brain activity:
- EEG measures brain activity in the cerebral cortex and that shows that there is a physiological index of consciousness
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discrimination (operant)
- organism responds to a trained (or any stimulus) but not to another one
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discriminative stimuli (operant)
- signals the availabilty of the reinforcer
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emission of response
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response is happening
- Extinction (Classical)
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if you never again pair the US and NS, the CS will lose its properties
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Extinction (operant)
- the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency b/c the response is no longer followed by the stimuli
- Habituation (classical)
- failure to respond after repeated presentation of a stimulus.
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How are brain waves measured?
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in amplitude and frequency
- How is intermittent on the schedule of reinforcement broken down?
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(1) interval- time based- delivery of reinforcer's is based on time not number of responses-at end of interval it gets a reinforcer.
(2)ratio- response based on number of responses : (a) fixed- reinforcer de
- how is the schedule of reinforcement composed?
- there is extinction (complete absence of reinforcement), intermittent (broken down to interval and ratio), and continuous (gets reinforcement)
- negative reinforcement
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occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimuli. there are 2 types: (1) escape-an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends an aversive stimuli (2) a
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operant behavior
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unit of behavior
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operant chamber
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learning theory -use it when teaching new behaviors
- Operant Conditioning-What is it and who came up with it?
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voluntary responses comes to be controlled by their consequences. It increases the likelihood of seeing that behavior again
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Positive reinforcer
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increases the chance of behavior happening again--delivery of something reinforcing.
response/behavior-pos. stimuli applied- increase the likelihood of behavior in future
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primary reinforcer
- satisfies the primary biological needs (food, water, etc..)
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Punishment
- always resorts in a decrease in a target behavior, assuming there is an affective punisher. the stimulus can be removed or applied, and it is the behavior to be punished not the person. (1) +ive- presentation of an aversive stimulus which
- reinforcement
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defined in terms of the behavior that comes before it
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reinforcement contingencies
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rules made by which reinforcements are delivere--it rewards good behavior right away.
- schedule of reinforcement
- specific pattern of a presentation of reinforcer's. three aspects: (1) timing (2) spacing (3) variability/consistency
- secondary reinforcer
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also called conditioned; has required reinforcing properties by being paired with a primary reinforcer.
- Shaping
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delivery of a reinforcer to get a desired response.
- Sigmund Freud
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said that they are variations of stream of consciousness such as anesthesia, sleeping, drugs, etc...
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Spontaneous Recovery (Classical)
- reappearence of a response after a period of extinction, and every time this happens, there will be a decreased response.
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stimulus control
- behavior is higher in the presence of a discriminative stimuli then in its absence
- Stimulus discrimination
- occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimuli does not respond in the same way to the new stimuli that are similar to the original
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Stimulus generalization
- occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. (Ex: Little Albert)
- What are Circadian Rythms?
- It is the 24 cycle in sleep/body function. It can be disrupted by light but everyone has their own circadian rhythms.
- What is the pathway for the light into the brain that affects the circadian rhythm? &
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- light goes into the eye (retina)
- then it goes to the brain
- then the info is processed in the hypothalamus in the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
- affects the pineal gland which changes the secretion levels of
- light goes into the eye (retina)
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William James
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Thought of the concept of stream of consciousness.