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psych 101

Terms

undefined, object
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consciousness  
  1. an awareness of external events
  2. internal sensations
  3. self as unique being
  4. thoughts about experiences
Acquisition (Classical Conditioning)    
the initial stage of learning-pairing the US and NS and it becomes the CS which elicits the CR
Acquisition (operant)
learning of a new response formed b/c of a relationship formed between behavior and consequence.
chaining
response that occurs that sets the stimuli for the next response. the discriminative stimuli sets the response and the response then becomes the next behavior 
Consciousness and Brain activity:
EEG measures brain activity in the cerebral cortex and that shows that there is a physiological index of consciousness 
discrimination (operant)
organism responds to a trained (or any stimulus) but not to another one
discriminative stimuli (operant)
signals the availabilty of the reinforcer 
emission of response
response is happening
Extinction (Classical)

if you never again pair the US and NS, the CS will lose its properties

 

Extinction (operant)
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency b/c the response is no longer followed by the stimuli
Habituation (classical)
failure to respond after repeated presentation of a stimulus.
How are brain waves measured?
in amplitude and frequency  
How is intermittent on the schedule of reinforcement broken down?

(1) interval- time based- delivery of reinforcer's is based on time not number of responses-at end of interval it gets a reinforcer.

(2)ratio- response based on number of responses : (a) fixed- reinforcer de

how is the schedule of reinforcement composed?
there is extinction (complete absence of reinforcement), intermittent (broken down to interval and ratio), and continuous (gets reinforcement)
negative reinforcement

occurs when a response is strengthened  b/c it is followed by  the removal of an unpleasant stimuli. there are 2 types: (1) escape-an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends an aversive stimuli  (2) a

operant behavior
unit of behavior
operant chamber
learning theory -use it when teaching new behaviors
Operant Conditioning-What is it and who came up with it?

voluntary responses comes to be controlled by their consequences. It increases the likelihood of seeing that behavior again

 

Positive reinforcer

increases the  chance of behavior  happening again--delivery of something reinforcing. 

response/behavior-pos. stimuli applied- increase the likelihood of behavior in future  

primary reinforcer
satisfies the primary biological needs (food, water, etc..)
Punishment   
always resorts in a decrease in a target behavior, assuming there is an affective punisher. the stimulus can be removed or applied, and it is the behavior to be punished not the person. (1) +ive- presentation of an aversive stimulus which
reinforcement

defined in terms of the behavior that comes before it

 

reinforcement contingencies
rules made by which reinforcements are delivere--it rewards good behavior right away.
schedule of reinforcement
specific pattern of a presentation of reinforcer's. three aspects: (1) timing (2) spacing (3) variability/consistency 
secondary reinforcer
also called conditioned; has required reinforcing properties by being paired with a primary reinforcer.
Shaping
delivery of a reinforcer to get a desired response.
Sigmund Freud
said that they are variations of stream of consciousness such as anesthesia, sleeping, drugs, etc...
Spontaneous Recovery (Classical)
reappearence of a response after a period of extinction, and every time this happens, there will be a decreased response.
stimulus control
behavior is higher in the presence of a discriminative stimuli then in its absence 
Stimulus discrimination
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimuli does not respond in the same way to the new stimuli that are similar  to the original
Stimulus generalization
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. (Ex: Little Albert)
What are Circadian Rythms?
It is the 24 cycle in sleep/body function. It can be disrupted by light  but everyone has their own circadian rhythms.
What is the pathway for the light into the brain that affects the circadian rhythm?                                    &
  1. light goes into the eye (retina)
  2. then it goes to the brain
  3. then the info is processed in the hypothalamus in the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
  4. affects the pineal gland which changes the secretion levels of
William James        
Thought of the concept of stream of consciousness.

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