Psych 438 Final Exam
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- Artifical Young
- Infants relatively underdeveloped at birth; lack autonomous thermoregulation, lack sensorimotor competence (dogs, rats, birds)
- Semiprecocial Young
- can see and thermoregulate, but cannot move independently (primates)
- Precocial young
- ready to cope with the environment from birth on, but needs to be fed (horses, dolphins, geese)
- *Nongenomic* effects of LG on the stress response
- - LG stimulates serotonin receptor activation - Induces glucocorticoid receptor activation - Leads to the reduction of methylation of GR promotor region ---> therefore, increased exprsesion of GR *methylation is inhibitory* ** High LG = Dec Methy = Increased gene expression
- Decreased licking of male offspring leads to
- - longer inter-intromissions - longer ejaculation latencies - Longer post-ejaculatory refractory periods (Good: pacing time longer thefore progestational reflex increases chance of pregnancies) (Bad - can\'t mate with as many females)
- MB is transmitted to female offspring via *nongenomic* mechanism
- - female offspring will be whatever the rat was that raised them (not had them), in terms of licking patterns - mediated by differences in # of oxytocin receptors and estrogen receptors..... (high LG = increase in # of receptors)
- Role of dopamine in MB in the rat
- injection of receptor antagonist inhibits pup retrieval, nest building, and LG (maternal behaviors) - high crouch nursing was INCREASED with DA receptor blockade *** DA plays a role in the motivation AND the expression of MB**
- Paternal behavior is sometimes associated with hormonal changes
- - decreased testosterone - increased prolactin - vasopressin ** Praire vole - does PB - socially monogomous ** Montane vole - do not exhibit PB - polygynous - HUGE expression of estrogen receptors * MORE E RECEPTOR EXPRESSION, PARENTAL BEHAVIOR DECREASES
- Endocrine disruptor
- a synthetic chemical that, when absorbed into the body, either mimics or blocks hormones and disrupts the body\'s normal functions - DES: synthetic estrogen - Pesticides: DDT, PCBs, dioxin
- Why are PCBs bad?
- - target hormone systems - don\'t kill cells or attack DNA, but disrupt hormonse and cause problems in individuals without making them sick - impairments can have serious consequences over a lifetime and for a society
- Why are PCBs still a problem?
- - still out there - chemically stable and resist degredation - move around the world easily - are lipophilic so they accumulate in the fat of animals and magnify in the food chain (humans at top) *bioaccumulation*
- Effects of PCBs in humans
- - retarded growth - thyroid problems - muscle weakness - delayed cog. development - ADHD/inability to concentrate - Reproductive abnormalities (abnormal sexual development/altered fertility) - comprised immune system function - sensory neuropathy (numbness, areflexia)
- Effects of PCBs on animals in the lab
- - altered sexual behavior and preference - changes in brain chemistry (DA - 5-HT) - increased hyperactivity - altered response to stress - decreased fertility - changes in maternal behavior
- 1st phase of stress response * fight or flight *
- Sympathetic NS - 3-5 sec. adrenal MEDULLA - catecholamines released (adrenaline, noradrenaline)
- 2nd phase of stress response * adrenal activation *
- General adaptation syndrome - 3-5 min, adrenal CORTEX - glucocorticoids released (cortisol, corticosterone)
- Stimulated by stress
- - brain: hypo released CRH, vasopressin, oxytocin - Sympathetic NS --> releases NE and stimulates EPI release from medulla - CRH stimulates the pituitary to release ACTH and prolactin --> ACTH induces release of gluco from cortex
- Inhibited by stress
- - Parasympathetic NS - Hypothalamus: GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin - Pituitary: GH, LH, FSH - Liver - somatomedins - goands, the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are inhibited **under stress, an individual needs to focus on CATABOLIC processes not ANABOLIC**
- When is the stress-response no longer adaptive?
- - long term stressor - frequent stressor - psychological stressor
- Factors influencing response to stress
- - control (under control - high DA, not under control and anxiety, high E and glucocorticoids G, if rat fails - high G) - predictability - perception that things are worsening - outlet for frustration - social support - personality
- Effects of Stress on Immune System
- - During stress: immune activated, increase G working to sharpen and mobilize defenses - Following stress: G return immunity back to baseline - Chronic stress: immunity suppressed below baseline
- Ultradian
- rhythm that is faster than a day - eating patterns, urination, heart beat, breathing rate
- Circadian
- rhythms that occur once a day - sleeping, body temperature, activity
- Infradian
- rhythms that occur longer than a day - menstrual cycle
- Circannual
- rhythms that are yearly - seasonal breeders, seasonal depression, metabolic enzymes
- Lee-Boot effect
- male induced depression of estrus in females
- Whitten effect
- male induction of estrus in females
- Bruce effect
- male blockade of pregnancy
- Van den berg effect
- male accelerates puberty in females
- Drug tolerance
- progressive decrement in rseponses induced by subsequent exposures to drug (stop feeling pleasure with same dose)
- Drug sensitization
- progressive increase in behavioral responses with repeated exposures to the same dose of a drug