critical thinking
herzing
Terms
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- Conditional or hypothetical syllogism
- contains "if then" premise
- universal or categorical statement
- a statement in which members of one class are said to be included in another class (all apples are fruit)
- conclusion
- therefore socrates is mortal
- all inductive generalizations are ________ but within the range of possiblity, some are much more probable then others
- possible
- inductive arguments are evaluated on the basis of their
- strength
- stereotyping
- form of classifying people, places or thing according to common traits.
- when research is done the following 3 questions need to be considered
- what do i need to find out? (characteristic of interest) whom do i want to know about? (target group) whom can i study? (sample)
- when you understand various forms of inductive reasoning you are better equipped to
- evaluate the quality of support people give for their conclussions
- deductive reasoning is structured to give us ______ about what is true is a given situation
- certainties
- modus ponens
- affirming the antecedent; if the weather forcast calls for rain ill need the umbrella. The forcast calls for rain. Therefore, ill need my umbrella
- inductive reasoning involves finding _____through obsevation giving us _______of what is true
- truth, probabilities
- common forms of hypothetical syllogisms
- modus ponens, modus tollens, chain argument, disjuntive syllogism
- enthymeme
- a syllogism with an premise implied rather than directly stated. the missing part-assumption of the speaker is supplied by the listener. example: we need to stop for gas on the way to the movies. assumption-we are almost out of gas
- syllogism
- a deductive argument in which a conclusion is inferred from two premises
- when a sample is representative
- the people must be like the people whom you wish to generalize
- inductive reasoning gives us
- probabilities of what is true
- minor premise
- socrates is a man
- a sample is biased
- if it is not representative
- when you reason inductively you look at evidence and draw conclussions that are not certain but likely. these conculsions are called
- inductive generalizations
- it is important to examine assumptions
- because often our assumptions of what is true can have proven false
- sample needs to be large enough
- at least 1,000 randomly selected
- disjunctive syllogism
- either bud took the car to work or he took the bus. Bud did not take the bus to work. Therefore he took the car.
- all women are terrible drivers. Lisa is a women. Therefore Lisa is a terrible driver.
- the syllogism is logically valid beacuse it follows the correct form, but is untrue because the major premise is false
- anyone can have an _______and give reasons for that______. but the critical thinker evaluates the ________ and __________of reasons before offering or accepting a conclusion.
- 1&2- opinion or conclusion, 3- quality, 4- credibility
- randomness
- every member of the target population has an eqaul chance at being chosen as a part of the sample
- It is important to be able to
- identify assumptions so that those who make them do not build arguments on untrue premises
- assumptions
- ideas that are implied but not directly stated
- major premise
- all men are mortal
- Q-score
- measurment of public's perception s of or its likeability for politicians, products, celebrities, broadcasts ect
- when correct deductive form is followed the argument is considered
- valid
- most of the issues we face on a daily basis involves
- inductive reasoning
- deductive reasoning gives us
- certainty of what is true
- prejudice
- involve deductive reasoning that is untrue and unproved but is often logically valid
- statistical generalization
- conclusions drawn from statistiacal evidence that reflect only what can generally be expected, not absolutely
- chain argument
- if evidence of the accuser's DNA is found at the crime scene then we can connect him with the crime. if we can connect him with the crime, then we can have him stand for trial. Therefore, if the defendent DNA found at the crime scene, then we can have him stand for trial
- argument by elimination
- either sally bought dinner, roy bought dinner, or sammy bought dinner. roy and sammy didnt buy dinner. therefore, sally bought dinner.
- individuals continually make assumptions about reality by linking
- reasons with claim
- reality assumptions
- (warrants) belief about the world based on individual experience
- a strong inductive argument does not guarentee the ________of conclussions but rather provides strong support for the conclusion
- truth
- modus tollens
- denying the consequent; if i have strep throat, then the culture will be positive. The culture was not positive. Therefore i dont have strep throat