critical thinking words
Terms
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- It is important to be able to
- identify assumptions so that those who make them do not build arguments on untrue premises
- all women are terrible drivers. Lisa is a women. Therefore Lisa is a terrible driver.
- the syllogism is logically valid beacuse it follows the correct form, but is untrue becaus the major premise is false
- inductive resoning gives us
- probabilities of what is true
- modus tollens
- denying the consequent; if i have strep throat, then the culture will be positive. The culture was not positive. Therefore i dont have strep throat
- universal or categorical statement
- a statement in which members of one class are said to be included in another class (all apples are fruit)
- assumptions
- ideas that are implied but not directly stated
- anyone can have an _______and give reasons for that______. but the critical thinker evaluates the ________ and __________of reasons before offering or accepting a conclusion.
- 1&2 opinion or conclusion 3 quality 4 credibility
- inductive arguments are evaluated on the basis of their
- strength
- major premise
- all men are mortal
- modus ponens
- affirming the antecedent; if the weather forcast calls for rain ill need the umbrella. The forcast calls for rain. Therefore, ill need my umbrella
- disjunctive syllogism
- either bud took the car to work or he took the bus. Bud did not take the bus to work. Therefore he took the car.
- prejudice
- involve deductive reasoning that is untrue and unproved but is often logically valid
- conclusion
- therefore socrates is mortal
- a strong inductive argument does not guarentee the ________of conclussions but rather provides strong support for the conclussion
- truth
- deductive reasoning gives us
- certainty of what is true
- minor premise
- socrates is a man
- argument by elimination
- either sally bought dinner, roy bought dinner, or sammy bought dinner. roy and ammy didnt buy dinner. therefore, sally bought dinner.
- it is important to examine assumptions
- becaus often our assumptions of what is true can have proven false
- syllogism
- a deductive argument in which a conclusion is inferred from two premisses
- reality assumptions
- (warrants) belief about the world based on individual experience
- Conditional or hypothetical syllogism
- contains "if then" premise
- chain argument
- if evidence of the accuser's DNA is found at the crime scene then we can connect him with the crime. if we can connect him with the crime, then we can have him stand for trial. Therefore, if the defendent DNA found at the crime scene, then we can have him stand for trial
- common forms of hypothetical syllotollensgisms
- modus ponens, modus tollens, chain argument, disjuntive syllogism
- stereotyping
- form of classifying people, places or thing according to common traits.
- individuals continually make assumptions about reality by linking
- reasons with claim
- when correct deductive form is followed the argument is considered
- valid
- enthymeme
- a syllogism with an premise implied rather than directly stated. the missing part-assumption of the speaker is supplied by the listener. example: we need to stop for gas on the way to the movies. assumption-we are almost out of gas