U.S History - FINAL!

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Meriwether Lewis: Jefferson's private secretary; Chosen to lead expedition into the Louisiana Purchase
Quartering Act: Forced colonies to pay more for their own defense
Sacajawea: Shoshone woman who joined the expedition as a interpreter and guide
Battle of Bunker Hill: Americans vs. British; Turned back 2 British advances only had to retreat after ammunition ran out
Republic: From of government where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote
American System: National bank, protective tariff and nationwide internal improvements
Task system: Workers were give a specific set of jobs to accomplish every day and couldn't leave until they were done; After tasks were done, they were allowed to spend the rest of the day on their own
Trail of Tears: Trip from Cherokee land to Oklahoma; 2000 died of starvation, disease and exposure on the trip
Albany Plan: Committee led by Ben Franklin; Forms a federal government for 13 colonies
Loyalist: Americans who backed Britain
Marquis de Lafayette: European military officer who helped Washington improve discipline and boost morale among troops
Missouri Compromise: Benefited the South; Maine was free and Missouri was slave; Allowed slavery into Arkansas, but kept it out of the rest of the Louisiana Purchase
New ordinance: Provided basis for governing much of the W territory; Created territory N of the Ohio River and E of the Mississippi; guaranteed certain rights to people living in the territory: religion, property rights and trail by jury; No slavery
Secede: To withdraw
Zebulon Pike: Mapped most of the upper Mississippi and then headed west to find the headwaters of the Arkansas River; Traveled to CO and charted Pike's Peak; Later mapped Rio Grande and eventually went to Texas
Legislative branch: Made up of the two houses of congress; made laws
Pickney's Treaty: Granted the US the right to navigate the Mississippi and to deposit goods at the port in New Orleans
Committee of Correspondence: Created by each colony to communicate with the other colonies about British activities
Embargo: A government ban on trade with other countries
Great Compromise: Also referred to it as Connecticut Compromise; States would be represented based on their size and in the Senate; Everyone has equal representation, but the Senate legislatures would choose senators
Alien: People living in country that weren't citizens
Anti-federalist: Opponents to the Constitution; Name was misleading because they weren't against a federal system
Strikes: Work stoppages used to achieve workers' goals
Frederick Douglass: Rose from slavery to be a prominent leader of the antislavery movement
Articles of Confederation & Perpetual Union: Plan for a loose union of states under the authority of the congress
2nd Great Awakening: Religious leaders organized to revive Americans' commitment to religion; Began in Kentucky and spread
Molly Pitcher: Carried water to Patriot gunners during Battle of Monmouth
Charles Grandison Finney: Presbyterian minister; spread the idea that all people could attain grace through faith
Manumission: Voluntary freedom of slaves
Minutemen: Special unit of men trained and ready to stand at a minute's warning in case of alarm
Louisiana Purchase: US bought Louisiana from France and doubled its size; Also gained control of the whole Mississippi River
Democratic Republican: Jackson's supporters that came together in opposition to Adam's presidency
Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers in Western Pennsylvania terrorized tax collectors, stopped court procedures, robbed the mail and destroyed whiskey-making stills; Angry because tax put on whiskey; Whiskey was another form of currency
Interchangeable parts: Process of transforming gun making from a one-by-one process to a factory process
Federalist: Supporter of the Constitution; Name emphasized that the Constitution would create a federal system
Eli Whitney: Popularized interchangeable parts; Was an ingenious young N. Englander
Intolerable Acts: Coercive Acts and Quebec Act combined; Called this in the colonies
Battle of King's Mountain: Turning point in the South; Farmers, furious with British treatment, organized their own forces
Planter: Owned the S's larger plantations
John Paul Jones: American naval officer commanded the Bonhomme Richard; defeated British in battle
Nativism: Hostility toward foreigners
Era of Good Feelings: A time when Americans' loyalty to the US overrode their historical identity with the state or region
Letters of Marque: Licenses to private ship owners, authorizing them to attack British merchant ships
Jay's Treaty: Agreed that Britain had the right to seize cargo bound for French ports; Jay failed to get compensation for American merchants whose goods had been seized; In return, British gave the US most-favored nation status
Most-favored nation: American merchants weren't discriminated against when they traded with Britain
Yeoman farmers: Ordinary farmers; Made up majority of white population
Checks and balances: System preventing one branch from becoming too powerful
Transcendentalism: Urged people to overcome the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of the universe
John C. Calhoun: Representative from S. Carolina who introduced a bill proposing the 2nd bank of the US
Cabinet: Group of advisers to President
Spoils system: Practice of appointing to government jobs of the basis of party loyalty and support
William Howe: British general who led an estimated 32,000 men
French and Indian War: Between English and French; Wanted dominance in Europe; 3 major wars; Conflict spilled all over US and ended with the Treaty of Paris
Henry Clay: Managed the vote of the House of Representatives on the Missouri Compromise
Dorothea Dix: Led efforts to have prisons enact sweeping prison reforms and creating special institutions for the mentally ill
Indian removal act: Provided money for relocating Native Americans
Horace Mann: Massachusetts legislature; Leader of the public education movement; Wanted more public education and backed bill creating state board of ed.
Judicial branch: System of federal courts; Interpret/render judgment in cases that involve those laws
Separation of powers: Separated the power between the 3 federal government
Favorite son: Men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own state and region
Recession: Economic slowdown
Virginia Plan: Proposed getting rid of the Articles of the Confederation and creating a new national government with power to make laws binding upon the states and to raise its own money through taxes
Temperance: Moderation in the consumption of alcohol
Francis C. Lowell: Opened a series of mills in NE Massachusetts that used machinery he built after touring British textile mills; Introduced mass production of cotton cloth to the US
National Road: Major E to W road
Speculator: Person willing to take risk in hopes for future financial gain
Emancipation: Freedom from enslavement
Corrupt bargain: An illegitimate bargain between politicians
Nullification: Theory that states have the right to declare a federal law invalid
Quasi-war: War with France; Undeclared war at sea; French had begun stopping American ships and seizing their goods; This led them to call war against France; Adams sent Pickney, Gerry and Marshall to negotiate; US called the French effort to get bribes the XYZ Affair
John Marshall: Chief justice of the US; Served as chief justice for 34 years; More responsible than any other justice for making the supreme court into a powerful, independent branch of the federal government
American Antislavery Society: Founded by Garrison; People against Slavery
Treaty of Paris: Ended French and Indian War; Eliminated French power in N. America; New France-part of British empire
Benevolent society: Associations that focused on combating social problems
Guerrilla warfare: Ambushed and then disappeared; Hid in trees and behind walls
American Colonization: Founded by antislavery reformers to move African Americans back to Africa
Force Bill: Authorizes the president to use the military to enforce acts of congress
Emancipation: The freeing of all enslaved people
Writ of assistance: General search warrants that enabled customs officers to enter anywhere and look for signs of smuggling
Three-Fifths Compromise: Worked as a solution over population including/not including slaved since they couldn't vote; Every 5 slaves in a state would count as 3 people when it came to determining representation and taxes
Bond: Paper notes promising to repay money after a certain amount of time with interest
Declaration of Independence: Declared by a committee; Declared themselves as the United States of America; Beginning of American Revolution
Driver: Acted as the director of the work gang; Often were enslaved themselves; Chosen for their loyalty or willingness to work
John C. Calhoun: Nation's VP and resident of S. Carolina; Torn between upholding country's policies and helping his fellow Carolinians; Put forth idea of nullification
Agrarianism: Philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy
Kinache Adam-Onis Treaty: Finalized the W border of the Louisiana Purchase along Texas' Sabine and Red Rivers; Spain gave Florida to the US
Gang system: Enslaved persons were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown
Impressment: A legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into the military
Slave code: Forbade enslaved men/women from owning property or leaving a slaveholders premises without permission
Caucus system: System used to select presidential candidates
Gradualism: The idea that slavery had to be ended gradually
Washington's farewell address: Warned Americans against sectionalism-to avoid dividing N against S or E against W; cautioned them against political parties and becoming attached to foreign nations
Shay's rebellion: Erupted when the governor of Massachusetts decided to raise taxes instead of issuing paper money to payoff debt; Shays and some farmers attacked arsenal; 4 died; troops arrived next day to end it
Judicial review: The power to decide whether laws passed by congress were constitutional and to strike down those that are not
John Trumbull: American painter during the Revolution; Portrayed heroic deeds/leaders of the Revolution
Bank of the United States: Had paper money; National currency; Promoted trade and commerce; Kept for 20 years
Virginia Statute: Declare Virginia no longer had an official church, so couldn't collect taxes for church
Joseph Smith: N. Englander living in W New York; Preacher Mormon ideas claiming to have been called to restore the church to its original form
Inflation: money loses value over time
Utopia: Ideal society
Quadruple Alliance: Group of European countries; Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia; Wanted to suppress movements against monarchies in Europe; Raised the possibility of helping Spain regain control of its overseas colonies
Samuel F.B. Moore: American inventor who began work of the telegraph and developed the Morse code for sending messges
Saratoga: Site of battle where Americans were victorious; turning point in war; Improved morale and convinced France to commit troops to American's cause
Robert Fulton: On the boat, Clermont, that went 150 miles up the Hudson River from NY to Albany in just 32 hours which made river travel more reliable
Know-nothings: Party formed by Catholics opposing immigrants; AKA the American party
Romanticism: Advocated feeling over reason, inner spirituality over external rules, the individual over society and nature over environments made by humans
Interposition: Theory that a state should be able to intervene between the federal government and the people to stop an illegal action
Boston Tea Party: men dumped chests of tea in protest to the Tea Act; Dumped into Boston harbor
Popular sovereignty: Rule by the people instead of a direct democracy
Tariff of 1789: Required importers to pay a percentage of the value of their cargo when they landed in the US; Also had to pay tonnage; Angered Southerners because of slave trade
Duty: Taxes on imported goods by some US states
Lyman Beecher: Prominent minister; Insisted that citizens should take charge of building a better society
Industrial Revolution: Began in Britain; Consisted of many basic improvements; Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to large, complex machines; Skilled artisans gave way to workers, organized by specific tasks and often unskilled; manufacturers sold their wares nationwide instead of locally
Revenue Tariff: Provided income for the federal government
Patriots: Believed British were tyrants
Veto: Rejecting acts of Congress; done by president
Enumerated powers: Powers specifically mentioned by the Constitution
Executive branch: Headed by the president; Enforces Congress' laws
Second Continental Congress: Congress that appointed George Washington as commander in chief; Met in Philadelphia
Federalism: System of government that divided the power of the government by federal and state government
Panic of 1837: Many banks and businesses failed; Farmers lost their land and unemployment went up; VanBuren did little about the crisis
William Clark: Younger brother of a Revolutionary war hero; Also chosen to lead expedition
William Lloyd Garrison: Founded Boston's antislavery newspaper and wrote caustic attacks on slavery
Charles Willson Peale: American painter who portrayed heroic deeds during battle; Fought at Trenton and Princeton; Known for portraits of Washington and other Patriot leaders
Daniel Webster: From Massachusetts; Confronted Robert Hayne on the floor of the Senate; May have been the best orater of his day; Ferocious defender of the Union
Impeach: Accuse formally the President of misconduct; Could accuse any other high official in the executive branch
Protective Tariff: Designed to nurture American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices
Amendments: Changes to the constitution; They were difficult to be adopted to keep the government changing constantly
Cotton Gin: Quickly and efficiently combed the seeds out of cotton balls
Labor Union: Workers joined together hoping to improve working conditions
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Active in the anti-slavery movement; Organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Penitentiary: Prisons who's purpose was to reform prisoners
Nat Turner: Enslaved minister who thought God had chosen him to bring his people out of bondage; Killed more than 50 white people before troops brought them down; Tried and hung
Tariff of Abomination: Tariff causing many S. Carolinians to threaten to secede
Sedition: Incitement to rebellion
Customs duty: tax on imports and exports
Mudslinging: Candidates criticized eachother's personalities and morals
Denmark Vesey: Free African American who operated a woodworking shop in Charleston and was accused of planning an armed revolt to free the region's slaves; Tried, convicted and hanged

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Number of cards 138