semester one final 08
Terms
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- Aeneid
- written by virgil----the founding of Rome
- Ivan the Great
- first dominate russian ruler; increased land size for russians
- english bill of rights
- signed by william and mary; led to "limited monarchy"; gave more power to parliament; part of glorious revolution
- michelangelo
- sculptures: David and The Pieta; also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
- polis
- greek city state
- concordant of worms
- treaty that allowed only churches would select bishops (solved problem of lay investiture)
- 5 Pillars of Islam
- declartation of faith, alms, prayer, ramadan, hajj
- johnnes kepler
- proved that planets move in ellipses--helped prove copernicus's theory of a helio-centric universe
- archimedes
- developed lever and pulley
- Law of Nations
- laws in rome that protected everyone....not just citizens
- dictator
- one ruler during times of war in Rome
- raphael
- created own style of art based on christianity; "School of Athens" and "The Madonna"
- boyle
- began the work of studying matter and building blocks, etc; essentially world's first chemist
- citizen
- free resident.....particularly in greece
- james ii
- strong catholic; brother of charles II; eventually fled to france because of parliament did not like his religious beliefs--led to glorious revolution
- dutch east india company
- powerful company that controlled trade in SE asia; the company had soveriegn powers (build armies; tax, etc)
- kaaba
- originally a pagan worship place; muhammad destroyed idols and dedicated it to Allah
- hajj
- 5th pillar of islam; pilgrimmage to mecca that each muslim should do once during life
- mycenaens
- early greek people...good sailors....fought trojans in trojan war
- papal supremacy
- when popes declared themselves the highest authority on earth---angered kings, etc
- Summa Theologica
- written by thomas aquinas---said faith and reason can coexist
- hammurabi's code
- first set of laws WRITTEN...bablyon
- ostracism
- banish from society...particurly in Greece
- ziggurat
- towers and temples dedicated to gods...sumerian
- Henry VIII
- tudor king of England; fathered edward vi, mary tudor, and elizabeth; broke away from catholic church when pope would not annul his marriage with Catherine
- job specialization
- people doing specific jobs...component of civilization
- legion
- group of soldiers for Rome
- ivan the terrible
- first tzar, centralized royal power--led to absolutism for all future tsars
- neolithic revolution
- change from nomadic life to farming life
- gutenberg
- invented the printing press; enabled books, etc to be spread throughout the world quickly
- Akbar the Great
- Mughal empire leader--opened govt jobs to all, encouraged toleration
- homer
- blind poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey
- mosque
- muslim house of worship
- Zeno
- philosopher who founded stoicism--high morals and equality
- pericles
- implemented democracy in Athens
- treaty of verdun
- split charlemagne's empire between his 3 grandson's
- Paul
- originally a jew, converted to christianity and spread it all over mediterranean
- leeuwenhoek
- invented first microscope
- hagia sofia
- church rebuilt by justinian; spectacular dome; in istanbul; converted to mosque
- jane seymour
- 3rd wife of henry viii; mother of henry viii's only son: edward vi
- afonso de albuquerque
- portuguese; set up portuguese trading posts in east indies and india....helped lay foundation for portuguese dominance in SE asia during 1500's
- Ibn Sina
- persian doctor--wrote book on medicines and treatment
- william and mary
- became rulers of england during glorious revolution after james II fled; signed English Bill of Rights; were protestant (not catholic); came from netherlands
- Diet of Worms
- assembly when martin luther was pressured to recant his beliefs----he refused---and was excommunicated
- galileo
- invented first telescope;also helped prove copernicus's theory; looked at the moons of jupiter; threatened with excommunication unless he recanted his beliefs
- anne boleyn
- 2nd wife of henry viii; mother to elizabeth; strong supporter of english reformation; executed for treason
- newton
- "discovered" gravity; invented calculus
- Shiite
- muslims who believed the caliph should be a relative of muhammad
- patriarch
- leader of the church in the Byzantine empire....similar to pope for catholics
- oliver cromwell
- leader of roundheads during english civil war; led roundheads to victory--very disciplined; was a puritan; became leader of "The Commonwealth"; outlawed taverns, theatres, etc.
- nebuchadnezzar
- nasty ruler of bablyon---rebuilit babylon including hanging gardens of babylon
- Sufies
- muslim; reached god through prayer and meditation
- manor system
- small villages made up of peasants that worked land (feudalism), serfs were tied to land, land owned by vassals
- parthenon
- temple of Athena in Athens
- benedictine rule
- regulates monastery life; obedience, poverty, chastity
- copernicus
- declared the sun was the center of the universe---unique because everyone believed ptolemy and aristotle (earth was center of universe)
- leonardo da vinci
- artist, poet, inventor; painted Mona Lisa, Last Supper; did drawings of planes and subs well before invented
- edward vi
- son of henry viii and jane seymour; king at 9; ruled as protestant; made book of common prayer; otherwise a weak ruler
- Peace of Augsburg
- allowed princes in germany to decide which religion (catholicism or lutheran) to be dominant in their land
- medici family
- controlled city of Florence;
- golden mean
- aristotle's idea....life pursuit
- caliph
- muslim leader....considered a successor of muhammad
- glorious revolution
- bloodless change of power from james ii to william and mary; implemented by parliament
- cuneiform
- one of first forms of writing;
- divine comedy
- written by Dante Alighieri--discusses a journey through hell and purgatory
- sir thomas more
- humanist, believed in "utopia"; executed when he would not support Henry VIII's break from Catholic church
- Plebians
- lower class Romans
- magellan
- spanish; first to circumnavigate the world; died on the trip; named the pacific ocean
- james i
- first stuart monarch; catholic leader; fought with parliament cause he was catholic and he believed in divine right
- machiavelli
- wrote a guide for rulers, "The Prince'; rulers shouldn't be nice---they should get the job done
- lord mccartney
- british guy who tried to open up trade with china; unsuccessful; both china and he were arrogant and did want to give into other's demands
- phillip II
- absolute monarch of spain; 4 wives including mary tudor of england; extremely catholic; built spanish armada; hated elizabeth of england; defended catholicism; built escorial; extremely hard working leader
- prince henry
- sponsored exploration for portugal; hoped to help convert to others to christianity; never actually sailed very far
- Diocletian
- emperor of Rome; tried to fix empire by dividing it into 2
- Quran
- muslim bible
- dias
- portuguese explorer; first to sail around the cape of Good Hope; led to many others sailing to Asia
- 95 Thesis
- written by martin luther; compaints against catholic church; posted on a church door in wittenburg; led to Protestant reformation
- republic
- govenment with elected representatives....first done in Rome
- henry II's common law
- legal system based on custom...led to royal court system....applied to EVERYONE (this was new)
- indulgences
- "bribe' accepted by church leaders that would diminish time catholics spent in purgatory--luther hated them---led to protestant reformation
- augustine
- early christian church leader; Bishop of Hippo; developed concept of original sin
- Patricians
- upper class Romans
- chivalry
- code of conduct for knights during Middle Ages
- francis xavier
- jesuit priest who helped open up japan to christianity
- petrarch
- humanist...assembled library of greek and roman literature....helped lead to Renaissance
- theodora
- advisor and wife to Justinian---pursued own policies not his
- cultural diffusion
- blending of cultures via trade, war, and....
- Iliad
- homer's poem about the trojan war
- rosetta stone
- black stone that allowed decoding heiroglyphics
- charles i
- son of james I; signed petition of right, but then ignored it for years; eventually found guilty of treason and murder; executed by his own people trial
- mecca
- holiest city for Muslims; kaaba located there; Muhammad's birthplace
- Catherine of Aragon
- 1st wife of henry viii; strong catholic; did not bear son for henry viii, so he divorced her for anne boleyn
- feudalism
- system of rule in Europe in middles ages...helped with protection of all....both political and economic
- Hannibal
- carthangian general who led army and elephants to rome through alps
- jihad
- "holy war" for muslims; usually fought to defend islam....dying in a jihad means direct path to heaven
- roundheads
- fought english civil war against cavaliers; oliver cromwell was leader; middle class members of parliament
- elizabeth
- daugher of anne boleyn and henry viii; ruled as protestant; queen of england; elizabethan settlement allowed for a peaceful religious time after long tumultuous time
- mary Tudor
- determined to return england to catholicism (after brother edward was protestant); killed many non-catholics in england; one of Phillip II's 4 different wives; daugher of henry viii and catherine of aragon
- cavaliers
- followers of charles I during English Civil War; wealthier, upper class citizens
- ptolemy
- hellenistic astronomer and mathmatician---proposed world was centered around earth
- suleiman the magnificient
- ottoman ruler; extended muslim lands, tried to get into europe--unsuccessful; still ruled the largest empire in the world at the time
- pope
- head of the Roman Catholic Church...leader of the Bishops...lives in Vatican City
- Plato's Republic
- book about how to govern and live life....favored monarchy
- effects of black death
- cost of labor went up; 1/3 of population; prices went up
- medina
- also known as yathrib; muhammad fled to here for safety from Mecca; 2nd holiest city to muslims
- philippines
- spanish trading post in SE asia; stored gold and silver here from new world to trade with china
- louis xiv
- absolute monarch of france; believed in divine right; built versailles; lived very extravagantly; fought many wars for france and catholicism; revoked the Edict of Nantes
- vesalius
- studied human anatomy; first to detail the human structure
- charlemagne
- first Holy Roman Emperor, kept diligent records, appointed officials to rule parts of land, emphasized education
- herodotus
- greek; father of history--wrote "persian wars"
- legumes
- agricultural product that helped soil replenish nutrients...helped in the production of more food
- golden horde
- mongolian armies that controlled Russia and attacked europe
- constantinople
- capital of Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire; major port and city on trade routes
- durer
- "da vinci of the north"; artist, etc---helped spread the ideas of the renaissance to northern europe
- acropolis
- high city...partenon is on the acropolis
- alexandria
- center of hellenistic world...named after Alexander the Great
- macao
- portuguese trading post in SE china
- spanish armada
- fleet of spanish ships (130 ships; 20000 men); goal was overwhelm and destroy england; unsuccessful due to weather; began the decline of spanish power
- vasco de gama
- portuguese explorer: first to sail to india by going around the Cape of Good Hope; established portuguese trading posts in India; led to much wealth for portuguese
- phoenicians
- mediterranean civilization---good sailors/traders--invented first alphabet
- hippocrates
- greek; physician; established doctor's oath called hippocratic oath
- Sunni
- muslims who believe the caliph could be any muslim---not a relative of muhammad
- Justinian
- byzantine ruler--put together book of laws (justinian's code) and tried to regain the glory of rome for byzantine empire
- Peter
- chief christian apostle----first pope
- charles ii
- son of charles I; reestablished church of england after commonwealth; followed petition of right unlike his father
- missi domenici
- Charlemagne's officials who handed out rulings, checked on roads, and made sure things went well
- virgil
- wrote Aeneid
- Zeus
- highest greek god
- charles martel
- grandfather of charlemagne, rallied/led christian/frankish troops against Muslims at Battle of Tours
- ignatius loyola
- founded the jesuit order of catholic priests---part of the catholic reformation which rebutted the protestant reformation