Midterm 3
Terms
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- Abraham Maslow
- peak experiences-- personality development could be viewed as a gradual progression of self-actualization
- psychometric approach to intelligence
- the measurment of mental abilities, traits, and processes.
- id
- in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts
- mood contagion
- facial expressions of emotion that generate emotions in others
- motivation
- inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
- humanist psychology
- a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential
- anthropodenial
- tendency to think mistakenly that human beings have nothing in common with other animals
- repression
- occurs when a threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness
- theory of mind
- a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and how the individuals are affected by their feelings and beliefs.
- passionate love
- (romantic) characterized by a whirlwing of intense emotions and sexual passion
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- an expectation that omes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about
- confirmation bias
- the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own beliefs.
- justification effort
- the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain, common form of dissonance reduction
- tacit knowledge
- strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred.
- mental age (MA)
- a measure of mental development expresed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age.
- unconditional positive regard
- to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attatched
- emotion regulation
- ability to modify/control what we feel
- sexual scripts
- sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation varying with the person's gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group
- denial
- occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening
- attatchment theory of love
- peoples attatchment styles as adults derive in a large part from how their parents cared for them
- incentive pay
- bonuses that are given upon completion of a goal rather than as an automatic raise
- Carl Jung
- believed that people share collective unconscious
- dialectical reasoning
- a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences.
- Carl Rogers
- fully-functioning people
- cognitive approach to intelligence
- test assumes there are many kinds of intelligence and emphasizes the strategies peope use when thinking about a problem and arriving at a solution.
- G factor
- a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents.
- trait
- a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling
- shadow
- reflects the prehistoric fear of wild animals and represnts the bestial, evil side of human nature
- Triarchic theory of intelligence
- a theory of intelligence that emphasizes information- processing strategies, the ability to creativley transfer skills to new situations and practical application of intelligence.
- displacement
- occurs when people direct their emotions (esp. anger) toward things- animals, other people- aka that arent the real object of their feelings
- approach goals
- goals framed in terms of desired outomes or experiences
- primary emotions
- emotions considered to be universal and biologically based, they generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, suprise, disgust, and contempt
- emotion
- a state of arousal involving facial & bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by culutural rules
- mental image
- a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents, mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities.
- factor analysis
- a statistical method for aalyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or scores that are highly correlated; are assumed to measure the same underlying trait, ability.
- avoidance of loss
- people want to avoid and minimize risk even if the result could be more rewarding.
- emotion work
- expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel, oftem because of a role requirement
- nonshared environment
- unique aspects of a persons environment and experience that are not shared with family members
- intrinsic motivation
- pursuit of an activity for its own sake.
- algorithm
- a problem-solving strategy guarenteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works.
- post-decision dissonance
- in the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision.
- collectivist cultures
- cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with ones group is prized above individual goals and wishes
- anorexia
- eating disorder characterized by being fat, a distorted body image; radically reduced consumption of food and emaciation.
- guilty knowledge test
- looks at physiological reaction to crime scene details; an alternate to the polygraph (lie detector) test. Relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime scene that innocent people dont.
- self-efficacy
- a person's belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals.
- ego
- in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control
- Oedipus complex
- in psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the hallic (OEDIPAL) stage, in which a child desires the paent of the other sex and viws the same-sex parent as a rival
- cognitive ethology
- the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals
- metacognition
- the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.
- premise
- a set of observations or propositions
- emotion prototypes
- reflected in emotion words (happy, sad, angry etc)
- body language
- nonverbal signals of body. movement, posture, gesture, and gaze. Seem to be spoken universally
- non-conscious process
- mental processes occuring outside of and not available to conscious awareness
- compassionate love
- characterized by affection and trust
- reaction formation
- occurs when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposie in consciousness
- extrinsic motivation
- pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as money or fame
- fairness bias
- circumstance we try not to avoid loss altogether.
- hindsight bias
- the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known; "I knew it all along" phenomenon.
- mirror neurons
- class of cells distributed through out various parts of the brain that fire wen an animal sees or hears an action and carries out the same action on its own. These cells are far more evolved and varied in human beings than other animals
- leptin
- travels through the blood to the brain's hypothalamus, which is involved in the regulation of appetite
- mental set
- a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.
- behavioral economics
- explring how to make sense of fairness often takes precedence over rational self-interest when people make economic choices
- norepinephrine
- a stress horomone that affects a part of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. increases heart rate- and triggers the release of glucose
- avoidance goals
- goals framed in terms of avoiding unpleasant experiences
- drives
- dominate the study of motivation. (examples: to have sex, to acquire food or water, avoid cold and pain, and to see pleasure)
- componential intelligence
- information processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.
- culture
- a program of shared rules that governs the behavior of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community
- Clara Thompson and Karen Horney
- contested Freud's psychosexual stages
- approach and avoidance conflicts
- occur when a single activity or goal has both a positive and a negative aspect
- objective tests (inventories)
- standardized questionaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves
- informal reasoning
- test where there is no clear solution
- availability heuristic
- the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances.
- affect heuristic
- the tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.
- bulimia
- eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binging) followed by forced vommiting or use of laxatives (purging).
- similarity effects
- looks, attitudes, beliefs, vaules, personality, and interests (2nd factor in prediction of whom we love)
- defense mechanisms
- methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness
- mindlessness
- mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the present context.
- contectual (practical) intelligence
- practical application of intelligence which requires you to take into account the different contexts in which you find yourself.
- preformance goals
- goals framed in terms of performing well in from of others, being judged favorably and avoiding criticism
- amygdala
- small structure in the brain, plays a key role in emotion, especially dear. It is responsible for evaluationg incoming sensory information, quickly determining its emotional importance, and making the initial decision to approach or withdraw from a situation
- Quasi- Reflective stages
- person recognizes that some things canot be known with absolute certainty and judgements should be supported by reasons
- heritability
- a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total varance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
- Wechsler Intelligence scale for children (WISC)
- test for children, iq scores, provides specific scores of ability.
- libido
- in psychoanalysis the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual insticts of the i.d
- sublimination
- when displacement serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in the creation of art or invetions.
- prereflective stages
- assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the senses
- intelligence quotient
- a burden of doubt a person feels about their performance due to negative stereotypes about their groups abilities.
- regression
- occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development
- anthropomorphism
- tendency to falsley attribute human qualities to non-human beings
- facial feedback
- the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
- basal metabolism rate
- rate at which the body burns calories for energy
- proposition
- a unit of measuring that is made up of conceps and expresses a single idea.
- thematic apperception test (TAT)
- created by McClelland- a projective test that asks respondens to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people; usually scored for unconcious motives, such as need for achievement, power, or affiliation
- set point
- genetically influenced weight range for an individual. it is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism
- personality
- a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual
- emotional intelligence
- the ability to identify your own and others emotions accuratley, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
- heuristic
- a rule of thumb that suggests a cause of action or guides problem-solving but doesn't guarentee an optimal solution.
- mastery (learning) goals
- goals framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills.
- need for achievement
- a learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area
- existentialism
- philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence
- epinephrine
- an adrenal horomone used to raise blood pressure and stimulate the heart
- temperaments
- physiological dispositions to resond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species and are assumed to be innate
- subconscious process
- mental processes occuring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary.
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS)
- test for adults, iq scores, provides specific scores of ability.
- inductive reasoning
- a form of reasoning in which the premises provides support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be FALSE.
- experimental (creative) intelligence
- creatively transferring skills to new situations
- reflective stages
- stage at which an individual is willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialectically.
- superego
- in psychoanalysis the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards
- object-relations school
- a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infants first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother
- individualist cultures
- cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others
- display rules
- social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions
- industrial/organizational psychology
- measure psychological qualities that spur acheivement and success and also the environmental productivity and satisfaction
- secondary emotions
- emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures
- cognitive dissonance
- a state of tension that occures when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person's belief is incongruent with his/her behavior.
- prefrontal cortex
- involved in impulses to approach or withdraw. right prefrontal= withdrawl or escape --- left= motivation to approach; also involved with the regulation of emotion
- psychodynamic theories
- theories that explain behaviors and personality in terms of unconscious energy dymanics within the individual
- implicit learning
- learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so & be able to state exactly what you learned.
- projection
- occurs when a persons own unaccetable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else.
- Stanford Binet Intelligence scale
- established in 1926, test person preforms a variety of tasks and distinguishes between the concepts that are similar but not exactly the same.
- cognitive schema
- an intergrated mental netwok of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.
- ob gene
- causes fat cells to secrete protein-- researchers named "leptin"
- prototype
- an especially representative example of a concept.
- deductive reasoning
- a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premise is TRUE, so is the conclusion.
- reciprocal determinism
- in social cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspecs of the environment and aspects of the individual in shaping of personality traits
- collective unconscious
- in jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of human kind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures
- oxytocin
- plays crucial role in the attatchment stages. Influences feelings and expressions of love, care, and trust.
- reasoning
- the drawing of a conclusion or infrences from observation facts or assumptions.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- pyramid- bottom= basic survival needs (food, sleep, water) next= security needs (saftey, shelter) 3rd= social needs (belonging/affection) 4th= esteem needs (respect) top= needs for self actualization
- archetypes
- universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams-- reflec the collective unconscious
- concept
- a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualitites having common properties.
- psychosexual stages
- sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures. ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC, LATENTCY, GENITAL
- polygraph (lie detector)
- device for measuring biological reactions to individuals when questioned to determine if they are telling the truth
- sigmund freud
- founder of psychoanalysis
- reflexive judgment
- the person knows that some things can never be known
- basic concept
- concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances
- psychoanalysis
- a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by sigmund freud; it emphasizes unconcious motives and conflicts
- ultimatum game
- game which your partner receives 10 and needs to decide how much each of you will get. but you will accept or reject the offer in which if you reject both you will not get anything
- factor analysis
- a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrlations among various measures or test scores, clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor)
- proximity effects
- nearest to you = dearest to you (1st factor)
- attributions
- assumptions about the causes of others behaviors or events
- endorphins
- brain's natural opiates.
- formal reasoning
- -intelligence test. information used to draw a conclusion or reach a solution which is a single right answer.
- intelligence
- an inferred characteristic of an individual usually defined as the ability to profit from experience and acquire knowledge.