psych test 3
Terms
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- right prefrontal cortex
- associated with "withdrawal" emotions (fear, sadness)
- formal operations
- abstract reasoning; ability to compare and classify ideas
- puberty
- the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction
- separation anxiety
- the distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers
- motivation
- an inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
- concrete operations
- understanding of conservation; understanding of identity; understanding of serial ordering
- avoidance goals
- goals framed in terms of avoiding unpleasant experiences, such as trying not to look foolish in public
- object permanence
- the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it
- facial feedback
- the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
- contact comfort
- in primates, the innate pleasure derived from the close physical contact; it is the basis of the infants first attachment
- gender schema
- a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female
- power assertion
- a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior
- autonomic nervous system
- activates the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which produce energy and alertness.
- right hemisphere
- involved in recognizing emotional expression and processing emotional tone
- egocentric thinking
- seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective
- menopause
- the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years
- approach goals
- goals framed in terms of desired outcomes or experiences, such as learning to scuba dive
- display rules
- social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions
- emotion
- a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activaton, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules
- self-efficacy
- a person's belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals
- performance goals
- goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism
- prefrontal cortex
- appraises the significance of emotional information from the amygdala
- telegraphic speech
- a child's first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words
- amygdala
- determines emotional importance of incoming sensory information; is responsible for initial decision to approach or withdraw; is involved in learning, recognizing, and expressing fear
- mastery (learning) goals
- goals framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills
- mirror neurons
- a class of cells, distributed throughout various parts of the brain, that fire when an animal sees or hears an action and carries out the same action on its own; these cells are far more evolved and varied in human beings than in other animals
- theory of mind
- a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings
- left hemisphere
- involved in processing emotional meaning
- thematic apperception test
- a projective test that asks respondents to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people; usually scored for unconscious motives, such as the need for achievement, power, or affiation
- induction
- a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehavior
- left prefrontal cortex
- associated with "approach" emotions (happiness, anger)
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- an expectation that comes true because of the tendency of the perons holding it to act in ways that bring it about
- extrinsic motivation
- the pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as, money or fame
- HPA axis
- a system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones
- intersex conditions (intersexuality)
- conditions, occurring in about one of every 2,000 births, in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infant's chromosomes
- gender typing
- the process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
- socialization
- the processes by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture
- emotion work
- expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel, often because of a role requirement
- conservation
- the understanding that the physical properties of objects - such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass - can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes
- secondary emotions
- emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures
- anorexia
- an eating disorder characterized by fear of bing fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation
- sexual scripts
- sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person's gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group
- need for achievement
- a learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area
- menarche
- the onset of menstruation
- sensorimotor
- object permanence; beginning of representational thought
- set point
- the genetically influenced weight range for an individual; it is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism
- intrinsic motivation
- the pursuit of an activity for its own sake
- preoperational
- accelerated use of symbols and language
- general adaptation syndrome
- according to hans selye, a series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
- gender identity
- the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender
- bulimia
- an eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed b forced vomiting or use of laxatives
- primary emotions
- emotions considered to be universal and biologically based; they generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt