Cohen Med Term 4
Terms
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- adenoids
- lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils
- aveoli
- the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration; an alveolus in general is a small hollow or cavity, and the term is also used to describe the bony socket for a tooth
- bronciole
- one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes
- bronchus
- one of the larger air passageways in the lungs; the bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs
- carbonic acid
- an acid formed by carbon dioxide when it dissolves in water H2CO3
- compliance
- a measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure, compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders
- bronch-
- bronchus
- bronchiol-
- bronciole
- phren/o
- diaphragm
- expectoration
- the act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum
- expiration
- the act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation
- glottis
- opening between the vocal cords
- hemoglobin
- the iron-containing pigment in red blood cells taht transports oxygen
- inspiration
- the act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation
- larynx
- the enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords
- laryng/o
- larynx
- lung
- a cone-shaped spongy organ of respiration contained within the thorax
- pneum-
- lung
- plum-
- lung
- mediastinum
- the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space
- palatine tonsils
- the paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone
- pharyng/o
- pharynx
- phrenic nerve
- nerve that activates the diaphragm
- phrenic/o
- phrenic nerve
- pleural space
- the thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity
- pleura
- a double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs
- pleur/o
- pleura
- sinus
- a cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity
- sputum
- the substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration; it may contain a variety of material from the respiratory tract
- surfactant
- a substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and eases lung expansion
- trache/o
- trachea
- turbinate bones
- the bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell; also called conchae
- ventilation
- the movement of air into and out of the lungs
- -pnea
- breathing
- -oxia
- level of oxygen
- -capnia
- level of carbon dioxide
- -phonia
- voice
- nas/o
- nose
- rhin/o
- nose
- bronch/o
- bronchus
- bronch/i
- bronchus
- pulm/o
- lungs
- pulmon/o
- lungs
- pneumon/o
- lungs
- pneumat/o
- air, gas; also respiration, lung
- spir/o
- breathing
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- most common cause of pneumonia
- Haemophilus influenzae
- pneumonia, especially in debilitated patients
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- pneumonia in elderly and debilitated patients
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- mild pneumonia, usually in young adults and children; "walking pneumonia"
- Legionella pneumophila
- legionellosis (Legionnaire disease); respiratory disease spread through water sources, such as air conditioners, pools, humidifiers
- Chlamydia psittaci
- psittacosis (ornithosis); carried by birds
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- "strep throat," scarlet fever
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- tuberculosis
- bordetella pertussis
- pertussis (whooping cough)
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Diphtheria
- respiratory syncytial virus
- common cause of respiratory disease in infants
- SARS coronavirus
- severe acute respiratory syndrome; highly infectious disease that appeared in 2003 and spreads from small mammals to humans
- hantavirus
- hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; spread by inhalation of virus released from dried rodent droppings
- histoplasma capsulatum
- histoplasmosis; spread by airborne spores
- coccidioides immitis
- coccidioidomycosis; found in dry alkaline soils
- blastomyces dermatitidis
- blastomycosis; rare but often fatal fungal disease
- pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii)
- pneumocystis pneumonia; seen in immunocompromised hosts
- acidosis
- abnormal acidity of body fluids; respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung
- acute rhinitis
- inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold
- alkalosis
- abnormal alkalinity of body fluids; respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body
- aspiration
- the accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs; also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction
- asthma
- a disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by the spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes
- atelectasis
- incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse; may be present at birth (as in respiratory distress system) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue
- atel/o
- imperfect
- bronchiectasis
- chronic dialatation of a bronchus or bronchi
- bronchitis
- inflammation of a bronchus
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- any group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysemsa, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis
- cystic fibrosis
- an inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands; characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection
- diptheria
- acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane composed of cells and coagulated material
- emphysema
- a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli
- empyema
- accumulation of pus in a body cavity; especially in a pleural space; pyothorax
- hemoptysis
- the spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract
- ptysis
- spitting
- hemothorax
- presence of blood in the pleural space
- hydrothorax
- presence of fluid in the pleural space
- hyperventilation
- increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli
- hypoventilation
- decreased rate and depth of breathing; decrease in the amount of air entering the alveoli
- influenza
- an acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; flu
- pertussis
- an acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough
- pleural effusion
- accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; the fluid may contain blood or pus
- pleurisy
- inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis; a symptom of pleurisy is is sharp pain on breathing
- pneumoconiosis
- disease of the respiratory tract caused by the inhalation of dust particles; named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis
- pneumonia
- inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection; may involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia)
- pneumonitis
- inflammation of the lungs; may follow infection or be caused by asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants
- pneumothorax
- accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space; may result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung
- pyothorax
- accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema
- respiratory distress syndrome
- a respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs; it is treated with respiratory support and administration of surfactant
- sudden infant death symptom
- the sudden and unexplained death of an apprently healthy infant; crib death
- tuberculosis
- an infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, mycobacterium tuberculosis; often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well; miliary tuberculosis is an acute generalized form of the disease with formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds
- arterial blood gases
- the concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood; such as Pao2 or PaCO2; these measurements are important in measuring acid-base balance
- bronchoscope
- an endoscope used to examine the tracheobrachial passageways; also allows access for biopsy of tissue to removal of a foreign object
- lung scan
- study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotope in lung tissue; a ventilation scan meausres ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material; a perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material; also called a pulmonary scintiscan
- pulse oximetry
- determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2 in percent
- pulmonary function tests
- tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry
- spirometer
- an apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram
- thoracentesis
- surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems; also called thoracocentesis
- tuberculin test
- a skin test for tuberculosis; tuberculin, the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin or inoculated with a four-pronged device (tine test)
- carina
- a projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge between the two bronchi; used as a landmark for endoscopy; any ridge or ridgelike structure
- hilum
- an anatomical depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter
- nares
- the external openings of the nose
- nasal septum
- the partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts
- anoxia
- lack or absence of oxygen in teh tissues; often used incorrectly to mean hypoxia
- asphyxia
- condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally "lack of pulse")
- Biot respirations
- deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal meningitis and other disorders of the central nervous system
- bronchospasm
- narrowing of the bronchi caused by smooth muscle spasms; common in case of asthma and broncitis
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- a repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased respiration followed by depression of the breathing centers of the brain stem; seen in cases of coma and in terminally ill patients
- coryza
- acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal discharge; acute rhinitis
- croup
- a childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway
- deviated septum
- a shifted nasal septum; may requre surgical correction
- epistaxis
- hemorrhage from the nose
- -staxis
- dripping
- fremitus
- a vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation
- Kussmaul respiration
- rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of severe acidosis
- pleural friction rub
- a sound heard on auscultation that is produced by the rubbing together of the two pleural layers; a common sign of pleurisy
- rales
- abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid; usually heard during inspiration; also called crackles
- rhonchi
- abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids; more noticeable during expiration
- stridor
- a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway
- tussis
- a cough; an antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents coughing
- wheeze
- a whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway
- byssinosis
- obstructive airway disease caused by reaction to the dust in unprocessed plant fibers
- small cell carcinoma
- a highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small, undifferentiated cells; "oat cell" carcinoma
- Mantoux test
- a test for tuberculosis in which tuberculin is injected into the skin; the test does not differentiate active from inactive cases
- mediastinoscopy
- examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted thorough an incision above the sternum
- plethysmograph
- an instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration
- pneumotachometer
- a device for measuring air flow
- thoracoscopy
- examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope; pleuroscopy
- tine test
- a test for tuberculosis in which tuberculin is introduced in to the skin with a multi-pronged device; the test does not differentiate active from inactive cases
- adenoidectomy
- surgical removal of the adenoids
- intubation
- insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or trachea for entrance of air; patients may be intubated during surgery for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway; endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure when airways are blocked
- pneumoplasty
- plastic surgery of the lung; in reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced emphysema