study psych notes chapter 9
Terms
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- Syntax
- the rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language.
- Protolanguage
- very rudimentary language, also known as pre-language, used by earlier species of homo.
- 4 Stages of language
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1.) cooing
2.) Babbling- 5,6 months
3.) one-word utterences 12 months
4.) Two-word utterences- 18 months
5.) - the sensitivity period
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-begins in first years of life
-ends around age 12 neural wiring have reached their peak
- 2 Things Childs Vocab. Developement Has to do with
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1.) mothers socioeconomic status and vocabulary use
2.) peronality characteristics - Conditioning and Learning Theory
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-B.F. Skinner
-believed language exists because it is reinforced and shaped.
-Reaction Shapes Behavior - Nativist Theory
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-discover language rather than learn it
- language developement is inborn - NOAM CHONSKY
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- Language Acquisition device
- single universal grammar underlying all human languages; each individual language is simply a specific expression of this universal grammar. - Nature, Nurture, and Language Learning
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- language includes both nativist theory and Conditioning and learning theory
- neither can completely explain language. - Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis
- language creates thought as much as thought creates language
- Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis
- - language determines our way of thinking and perceptions of the world; the view taken by whorf and sapir.
- cognition
- mental processes invovled in aquiring, processing, and storing knowledge
- cognitive psychology
- the science of how people think, learn, remember and percieve.
- Mental Representations
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-structure in our mind that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future
-Not present - Visual Representation
- Includes visual imagery and mental rotation
- visual imagery
- visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer presented.
- mental rotation
- process of imagining an object turning in 3 dimensional space
- concept
- a mental grouping of objects events or people
- Concept Hierarchy
- arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific
- parallel Distributive Processing
- proposes that associations between concepts activate many networks or nodes at the same time
- prototype
- the best fitting example of a category
- reasoning
- the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence
- 2 types of reasoning
- 1.) deductive
- deductive reasoning
- reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions
- inductive reasoning
- reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence
- Confirmation bias
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tendency to selectively attend to info. that supports ones general beliefs while ignoring info. or evidence that contradicts ones beliefs.
-seen in most people and also in scientists - Critical Thinking qualities
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-analyze
-evaluate
-make inferences
-interpret
-explain
-self regulate - scientific thinking
- process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories
- metacognitive thinking
- process that includes the ability to first think and then reflect on ones own thinking
- Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tyversky
- Developed Heuristics
- Heuristics
- mental shortcuts, methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements
- Representativeness Heuristic
- strategy to estimate probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event.
- The availability Heuristic
- a device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness.
- Rational Choice theory
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idea that humans when given a choice, will choose the option that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals.
- Evidence against Rational choice theory
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amos tyversky and daniel k
-research showed that people are less rational in their decision making - Conjunction Fallacy
- occurs when people say the combination of 2 events occuring is more likely than either even occurring alone.