Psychology -- Middle Childhood
Terms
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- grammar
- technical rules of language -- ability to use tenses and the passive voice is evident
- seriation
- ability to order things along a quantitative dimension (Ex: fewest to largest, shortest to tallest, etc.)
- spatial reasoning
- gaining a more accurate understanding of space -- able to think in 3D terms, navigate directions, read maps, rotate figure in our minds, etc.
- attributions
- our common, everyday explanations for the causes of our behavior; whether we attribute our successes and failures to internal or external factors
- learning disability
- people who have great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, often reading -- as a result, their achievement is often considerably behind what would be expected for their IQ
- balance
- increased stability improves athletic skills such as running, hopping, skipping, throwing, kicking, etc.
- organization
- grouping related items together; common memory strategy in early grade school and improves as our knowledge base expands
- drills
- mathematical principle focused on the the repitition of numeric skills
- pragmatics
- the communicative and social side of language -- ability to adjust to people and situations, and phrase requests to get what we want is evident
- immersion
- type of language program where english speaking children are taught entirely in French for several years
- number sense
- mathemtical principle focued on problem solving and understanding the concepts of numbers
- learned helplessness
- type of attribution in which failure is due to abilit, and success is due to luck or other external factors -- individual sees ability as fixed and cannot be changed through effort
- popular-prosocial
- child displays a combination of academic and social competencies, good in school and cooperative with others
- adaptable
- attention becomes more _______ as children will focus on what they have to learn, instead of what they already know
- rough and tumble play
- friendly chasing and play-fighting
- otitis media
- middle ear infection -- becomes slightly less common but is still an issue
- distributive justice
- beliefs about how to divide material goods fairly
- classification
- ability to think in terms of categories is improving as our knowledge of the world is expanding
- transitive inference
- ability to seriate mentally (Ex: Bob is older than Susan, and Susan is older than John, Is Bob older than John?"
- cognitive maps
- children's mental representations of familiar, large-scale spaces, such as the neighborhood or school
- phonics
- the basic fundamental rules for translating written symbols into sounds
- semi-lingual
- occurs where the skills in both language are not fluenty developed -- common in minority children who lose their first language as it is not fully developed and have trouble fully learning the new language
- self-conscious emotions
- children no longer need adults to help us feel pride and guilt because parental standards have been introjected more fully -- we know when we should feel pride or guilt
- creativity
- ability to produce work that is original, yet appropriate -- something others may not have thought of but that is useful in some way
- writing
- becomes more clear and is expanding, but still uses whole arm as opposed to the wrist
- reversibility
- capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentall reverse direction, returning to the starting point
- strict equality
- everyone gets the exact same amount (5-6 years)
- dominance hierarchy
- a stable ordering of group members that predicts wo will win when conflict arises
- asthma
- the most common illness
- talent
- outstanding performance in a specific field
- rejected-withdrawn
- child is characterized by social anxiety, and have negative expectations about how peers will treat them -- targets for bullies
- popular-antisocial
- include "tough kids" who are athletic but may be poor academically or who may cause trouble and defy authority
- peer groups
- groups that form similar values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers -- usually formed by people in the same grade, class, or neighborhood, based on proximity and similarity
- rejected-aggressive
- child who has high rates of conflict, physicaland relational aggression, is hypeactive, inattentive and has impulisive behaviors
- coregulation
- transitional form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while permitting children to be in charge of moment-to-moment decision making
- peer culture
- the developmnt and adoption of a specialized vocablarly, dress code, hang-out place and appropriate behaviors that continues throughout life
- planful
- attention becomes more _____ as children focus on what is most important to do in order to accomplish their goals
- vocabulary
- increases four-fold during school yeras, learning up to 20 new words a day
- elaboration
- creting a relationship or shared meaning between two or more pieces of information that are not members of the same category -- memory strategy where we can remember lists by making a story that is personally meaningful
- popular
- child has many positive votes
- mental retardation
- people wit IQ's between 55 and 70 who show problems in adaptive behavior, or skills of everyday living
- self-concept
- judgments of their appearance, abilities, and behaviors, in relation to those of others -- kid's will ask: "Do I measure up?" -- also called the "me-self"
- force
- children can throw and kick harder and faster, jump further and higher
- emotional self-regulation
- children learn to manage negative emotions that threaten their self-esteem and in order to keep peer approval
- rehearsal
- repeating the information to ones's self; common memory strategy in early grade school
- mainstreaming
- student with learning difficulties are placed in the regular classrooms for part of the school day to prepare them to participate in society and encourage optimal development with same-aged peers
- self-esteem
- how children feel about themselves is linked to different domains including school performance, athletic activities, physical appearance, and social status -- it is hierarchically structured, meaning that children place the areas they value most at the top -- tends to drop in the first few years of school and then rise as children find who they are in relation to their social circle
- flexibility
- more pliable and elastic than preschoolers; differences noticeable when swinging a bat, kicking a ball, jumping, etc.
- emotional self-efficacy
- knowledge that we can control our own emotions increases
- myopia
- near sightedness -- the vision problem most common
- merit
- rewards should go to someone who has worked hard or performed in an exceptional way (6-7 years)
- industry
- developing a sense of competence at useful skills -- school should provide many opportunities for this to develop
- perspective taking
- capacity to imagine what other people may be thinkng and feeling
- controversial
- child receives many votes, both positive and negative
- selective
- attention becomes more _________ as children are able to focus on the information that is relative to their goals
- agility
- quicker and more accurate movements are possible and facilitate dancing, dodging, soccer footwork, etc.
- equity and benevolence
- special consideration should be given to those at a disadvantage and adapt "fairness" to the situation (8 years)
- ideal-self and real-self
- children may begin to see discrepancies between what others expect of you (the ______-self) and who they really are (the _____-self) -- high overlap results in high self-esteem while low overlap results in low self-esteem and feelings of depression and sadness
- obesity
- body weight of 20% greater than what is normal for the individual's age, sex, and physical build -- rates have risen significantly in children and adults since the mid 70's due to use of high fructose corn syrup and high fat foods
- full-inclusion
- placement of children with learning disabilities in the regular classroom on a fulltime basis
- rejected
- child is actively disliked
- whole language approach
- reading should be taught in a way that parallels natural language learning -- from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language -- expose them to letters, poetry, stories, songs, etc. to teach that language has a function and value
- basic skills approach
- children are given simplified reading material and coached with phonics
- mastery oriented
- type of attribution where we credit succes to ability and failure is due to controllable factors (putting in more effort) -- linked to higher self-esteem
- bilingual
- type of development where children learn two languages at the same time and are able to do so fluently -- offers cognitive advantages including greater cognitive flexibility
- physical education
- children are not getting enough -- need at least 30 minutes of moderate to intense activity and an hour of walking
- gifted
- displaying exceptional intellectual strengths; tend to have an IQ of over 130
- neglected
- child is seldom chosen at all
- concrete operational
- Piaget's stage for children aged 7-11 that is characterized by increased logical thougt and organization
- decentration
- focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them, rather that just centering on one -- can see the dynamic transference that occurs when transferring liquids, etc.
- inferiority
- pessimism and lack of confidence in one's own ability todo things well -- family and school can contribute to negative feelings if they dispay negative responses to child's work and behavior
- convergent thinking
- involves arriving at a single correct answer -- this thought process is emphasized on IQ tests
- divergent thinking
- the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem (creativity)
- peer acceptance
- refers to likeability -- the extent to which a child is vieed by a group of agemates, as a worthy social partner
- emotional understanding
- understanding that emotions can be connectedto internal stages and that we can experience more than one emotion at once
- industry vs inferiority
- Erikson's crisis for middle childhood that is resolved when children develop competence at useful skills and tasks
- drawing
- more detail and depth cues, 3D images become apparent
- operations
- mental actions that obey logical rules