LEA lecture test 2
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- Rabbits are not rodents - what are they?
- Lagomorphs
- What are 3 uses of rabbits?
- Commercial (meat, fur), research, pets
- When does molting occur in rabbits?
- fall
- What tooth feature differentiates rabbits from rodents?
- Top incisors include 2 front teeth and 2 peg teeth
- What are night stools in rabbits?
- Soft feces passed in the night which the rabbit eats directly from the anus.
- If a owner sees the night/cecal stools what maybe wrong?
- Rabbit may be sick
- Why is it so important to support the back when handling a rabbit?
- They can luxate the spine with their powerful kicking
- How should you place a rabbit in a cage? Why?
- Place hind in first to avoid injury.
- What might a rabbit do if mad or defensive?
- Thump back legs
- Do rabbits eat a lot or a little?
- They are designed to eat large volumes of food
- What kinds of foods should a rabbit receive daily?
- high fiber rabbit pellets, fresh greens, free choice grass hay, small amounts of fresh fruits
- What kind of hay should you avoid feeding a rabbit? Why?
- Alfalfa - too much calcium
- Do rabbits pee a lot or a little?
- They produce large amounts of urine
- What is unique about the rabbits estrus cycle?
- They are induced ovulators
- What is a female rabbit called? Male? Baby?
- Doe, buck, kit
- In rabbits, parturition is also called what?
- Kindling
- What is a unique sign of approaching parturition in rabbits?
- Fur pulling (from dewlap) for nest during the last 3-4 days of pregnancy
- What is a unique thing that could happen during rabbit parturition?
- Split parturition - babies can be born up to 3 days apart
- In rabbits, the doe has no _____ instinct which means that she will not replace wandering young.
- retrieving
- In rabbits, how often does the doe nurse young?
- 2x/day for 5-10 minutes - this small amount often makes clients think that doe is neglecting the babies
- Pseudopregnancy is also called what?
- False pregnancy
- Where are bleeding locations in a rabbit?
- marginal ear vein, central ear artery ( auricular artery), jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous, vena cava
- What can rabbits do to the auricular artery that can make the draw difficult?
- They can vasoconstrict it - may need to give a sm amt of Ace before the draw to promote vasodilation
- What do you need to remember about holding off when drawing from the auricular artery in rabbits?
- This is an artery so you need to hold off longer - 30-40 seconds
- What feature of a rabbit could make a jugular blood draw difficult?
- Large dewlap
- Why might a lateral saphenous draw be difficult in a rabbit?
- They do not like lying on their sides - may be done in a rabbit too sick to put up a fight
- What sites are recommended for IM injections in rabbits?
- lumbar recommended, possibly quads
- What IM sites should be avoided in rabbits? Why?
- semimembranosus, semitendonosus, and biceps femoris - sciatic nerve damage causes rabbits to chew off their toes and worse
- In rabbits, foods should be withheld 2-4 hours before anesthesia because they do not have the ability to what?
- Vomit
- Sick rabbits are a high _____ risk
- anesthetic
- What are some dz conditions of rabbits? Most commom?
- back injuries, heatstroke, malocclusion, hair balls, enteritis (most common)
- What are some internal parasites found in rabbits?
- Coccidia, Pinworms
- What are some external parasites found in rabbits?
- Fleas, ear mites, cheylitiella, cuterebra warbles, rabbit syphilis
- What rabbit external parasite could call for surgical removal?
- Cuterebra warbles
- In rabbits, most abscesses are caused by what?
- Pasturella species
- "Snuffles" an upper respiratory dz in rabbits, is caused by what?
- Pasturella multicoda
- In rabbits, how is snuffles xmitted?
- fomites, direct contact, aerosol
- What rabbit dx condition is characterized by purulent exudate present deep in the ear canal?
- Otitis Media
- What are some signs of an ear infection (Otitis Media) in rabbits?
- asymptomatic, rhinitis, scratching at ears, ataxia, nystagmus (eye "click")
- In rabbits, hypercalciuria is often caused by what?
- alfalfa hay
- What dx condition are rabbits, esp obese rabbits, prone to?
- bladder stones
- What animal has been used as a working animal since 4 BC in some countries?
- ferrets
- What other animals are in the same family as ferrets?
- weasels, mink, badgers, and skunk
- Why is it important to check state and city regulations before getting a ferret as a pet?
- They are illegal in some areas
- What are some uses for ferrets?
- hunters, pets, research (human influenza)
- Are ferret claws retractable?
- No
- Why does descenting not work in ferrets?
- The odor is caused by sebaceous secretions of the skin, not entirely by the anal glands
- When do ferrets molt?
- Spring & fall
- In ferrets, their eyesight is only good at ____ distances.
- Short, they are most visually aware of rapid movements
- Ferrets depend heavily on what two senses?
- hearing and smell
- Ferrets sleep about ______% of the time
- 70-75% - like to sleep in heaps or in rags or towels
- All ferrets are born what color? When to they get their true color?
- All born light colored, get their true colors at 3 wks of age
- Why are glass tanks not suitable housing for ferrets?
- lack of ventilation
- What environment temps can a ferret not tolerate?
- Greater than 90 degrees or lower than 20 degrees
- What should you keep in mind when trying to litterbox train a ferret?
- They have a shorts GI transit time (3-4 hours), so it is important to have multiple boxes
- What should be done to ferret proof a home?
- block off holes, cover underside of furniture w/ wood to prevent burrowing, pick up objects such as rubber bands, twist ties, etc.
- Why shouldn't you house ferrets next to rabbits or other rodents?
- The ferret's odor can cause panic in the other animals
- Why should you not bathe a ferret more than once a month?
- Strips skin of oil and could cause puritits
- Are ferrets carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores?
- carnivores
- What kinds of food should you feed a ferrret?
- Ferret chow or high qual kitten chow is best, but fresh meat and egg yolks could be fed
- What kind of treats should you give a ferret?
- fresh meat scraps, meat baby food, liver or fish cat treats
- Why is a hairball remedy given to a ferret?
- Used as a supplement for nutrition
- Are ferrets easy to restrain? How should it be done?
- Hard to restrain! Scruff by neck or armpits and lift feet off of table - they usually relax
- What part of a PE do ferrets HATE?
- Have temp taken - do that first
- How often should ferrets have a vet exam?
- Anually until age four and then 2x/yr (considered geriatric after four and increased occurrence of neoplasia and metabolic dz)
- What are common vax for ferrets?
- Rabies and distemper
- Are ferrets induced or spontaneous ovulators? Continuously or seasonally polyestrus?
- induced, seasonally
- What are the names for female, male, and baby ferrets?
- jill, hob, and kits
- When do ferrets reach puberty?
- 4-8 months of age
- What is the gestation length of ferrets?
- 41-42 days
- What are some sites for blood draws in ferrets?
- lateral saphenous, cephalic, jugular, anterior vena cava - ferrets usually need to be sedated for draws
- What is removed when descenting a ferret?
- Anal glands - doesn't truly descent them, however
- In relation to anesthesia in ferrets, food can safely be witheld for __ hours prior to, but not for more than __ hours
- Up to 4, no more than 6
- What are some signs of canine distemper in ferrets?
- URI, lesions around mouth & chin, seizures, anorexia, depression, death
- How is canine distemper xmitted to/by ferrets?
- Aerosol, direct contact (nasal/eye fluids, urine, feces, skin, fomites)
- What is the tx and prognosis of canine distemper in ferrets?
- No tx, supportive care is euth not possible - prognosis is guarded and is typically fatal
- What ferret dz is zoonotic?
- Human influenza
- What are some signs of human influenza in ferrets?
- sneezing, watery eyes/conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, lethargy, enteritis, anorexia
- How is human influenza xmitted to/by ferrets?
- aerosol, owner to ferret, ferret to ferret, ferret to owner
- What is the prognosis and tx for human influenza in ferrets?
- Prognosis is good, tx - eat and fluids, antihistamines, antiviral drugs, ABs to tx secondary bacterial infections
- What are some internal parasites that ferrets could have?
- coccidia, giardia, cryptosporidium
- What species of ear mites do ferrets get?
- Otodectes cyanotis - can affect dogs and cats
- What is common name of Sarcoptes scabei?
- Sarcoptic mange
- What are some signs of sarcoptic mange in ferrets?
- alopecia, puritis, feet affected in localized form - inflammation, swollen, crusty
- What fungal dz can ferrets get?
- Ringworm - ZOONOTIC
- Can ferrets get heartworm?
- Yes - and due to their small size, one adult heartworm can be fatal
- What are some signs of heartworm in ferrets?
- lethargy, coughing, dyspnea, and ascities
- In general, how to benign v. malignant tumors present?
- Benign - in a ball/contained, malignant - fingers out to other parts
- What factors may predispose a ferret to cancer?
- genetics, early neutering, natural photoperiod not obtained, diet, infectious agents
- What kinds of cancers can affect ferrets?
- Lymphomas, mast cell tumors
- What endocrine/hormone disorders can affect ferrets?
- Hyperestrogenism, hyperadrenocortism, insulinoma
- What causes hyperestrogenism in ferrets?
- continual heat - female not spayed or bred
- What causes hyperadrenocortism in ferrets? What dz is this in humans?
- Cushings in humans. Caused by glucocorticoids/cortisol secreted by an adrenal gland tumor.
- What causes insulinoma in ferrets? What does animal look like when they have this?
- Caused by pancreatic tumors, they look drunk
- What rodent are we studying that originated in the Andes Mountains of South America?
- Chinchillas
- What kinds of reasearch studies are chinchillas used for?
- Auditory, ENT - noise exposure and ototoxicity, hearing sensitivity similar to humans
- What are chinchillas used for?
- Pets, furs, research
- What is the lifespan of a chinchilla?
- Avg is 10 years - can live up to 20
- All chinchilla teeth are open rooted - what is unique about the incisors?
- Can grow 2-3 inches a year
- What are some behavior charateristics of chinchillas?
- Quiet, shy, agile, pets active during the day but naturally more nocturnal, odorless, corprophagic
- What is the primary defense mechanism of a chinchilla?
- Flight
- Why should you never try and grab a racing chinchilla?
- Patches of hair and skin can slip off - "fur-slip"
- What is a unique characteristic of chinchilla pellets as compared to other rodent pellets?
- Longer which makes it easier for them to hold in their forepaws
- Why are small tree branches and pumice stones given to chinchillas?
- As gnawing objects to help wear down teeth
- What kind of tree branches are toxic to chinchillas?
- Cedar, plum, redwood, and cherry
- What features should a chinchilla cage have?
- mulit-level, hide box, tubes, wire-mesh construction, dry (less than 50% humidity), cool (50-68 degrees)
- What kind of bath should be provided to a chinchilla daily?
- dust bath - commercially available, removes dirt & oil from coat
- When do chinchillas reach puberty?
- 8 months of age
- What type of estrus cycle do chinchillas have?
- seasonally polyestrus, spontaneous ovulators
- Which is larger, male or female chinchilla?
- female
- Do male chinchillas have a scrotum?
- No, testicles are located in the inguinal canal area
- When is the breeding season in chinchillas?
- Nov-May
- What is the gestation length of chinchillas?
- 111 days
- Are chinchilla newborns precocious or atricial?
- precocious
- Blood draws on chinchillas are difficult - name some sites to try
- nail clip, jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava, femoral, cardiac(terminal)
- Dz conditions of chinchillas?
- Conjunctivitis, bite wounds, internal parasites, constipation, diarrhea, fur-ring, heatstroke
- What are two common causes of conjunctivitis in chinchillas?
- excessive dust bathing and poor husbandry/contaminated water
- What is a common reason for chinchillas to visit the vet?
- Constipation
- What are some causes of constipation in chinchillas? Tx?
- High protein diet w/o adequate roughage, obesity, intestinal obstruction - tx, increase fiber in diet
- What are characteristics of sm bowel v. lg bowel diarrhea?
- Sm - lg amounts, less freq, bad odor. Lg - sm amounts, more frequent, may contain sm amts of mucous or frank blood.
- What are some causes of diarrhea in chinchillas?
- improper feeding, stress, bacterial or parasitic infestation
- What is a fur-ring in chinchillas?
- A ring of hair around the penis & prepuce that eventually stops the penis from retracting into the prepuce
- Temp over 80 degrees can cause what in chinchillas?
- Heatstroke